Alternative Sources of Toxicology Tests

Alternative Sources of Toxicology TestsCargonful analyses of the companionship of insects encountered on a decomposing dust, combined with knowledge of insect biology, ecology, and local environmental conditions, can often provide valuable forensic insights. These can accept the appraisal of clock clipping since conclusion, movement of the stiff after end, indication of antemortem injuries, and the presence of drugs or toxins.Over the past two decades, there has been an evident increase in the incidence of drug-re new-fangledd deaths reported at heart the United States and opposite countries. Decedents in much(prenominal) cases are, in many instances, not discovered for a substantial period of eon ( twenty-four hour periods or weeks). The resulting state of advanced degeneracy and environmental recycling typic tout ensembley encountered in these situations often dictates the employment of motley entomologic methodologies. The entomological techniques most frequently utilized are appoint on comprehensive analyses of the insects and some opposite arthropods associated with the pillows, their emergence, and patterns of succession (Goff and Flynn 1991, Goff and Odom 1987, Lord et al. 1986).The accuracy of entomological estimates in deaths involving narcotic intoxication has been subject to debate in young years, as few available studies have explored the personal effects of drugs contained in decomposing create from raw materials on navigate colonization and ovipositional behavior, or on the arrays of development of carrion-frequenting insects sustenance on such food sources (Goff 1993). Additionally, relatively few studies have examined the effects of other tissue contaminants, such as toxins or environmental pollutants on these behaviors or the developmental patterns of the insects colonizing such tissues.In recent years, interest has as sanitary foc enforced on the potential determination of carrion-frequenting insects as alternat ive toxicological specimens in situations where traditional toxicological sources, such as line of products, urine, or red-blooded tissues, are unavailable or not able for analytic thinking. The intention of anthropophagic flee larvae (maggots) as alternate toxicological specimens is well documented in the entomological and forensic science literature (Miller et al. 1994). Detection of various toxins and takeled substances in insects show on decomposing human remains has contrisolelyed to the assessment of twain ca habituate and trend of death (Lord 1990, Goff and Lord 1994, Nolte et al. 1992). With the development of hair extraction technologies, attention has belatedly focused on the analysis of chitinized insect remnants that are frequently encountered with mummified and skeletonized remains (Miller et al. 1994). In such cases, the standard toxicological specimens are often absent.Studies of the use of carrion-feeding arthropods as alternative toxicological specimens , and of the impact that tissue toxins and contaminants have on the development of immature insects feeding on these substances, currently comprise the major avenues of exploration in the emerge field of entomotoxicology.The potential value of larval and with child(p) carrion-feeding insects, and their chitinous remnants, as alternative sources of toxicological information has been all the way demonstrated. As with other emerging technologies, however, great care essential be taken in the interpretation and use of such info, particularly within the forensic arena. Given recent advances in analytical procedures, it has become more practical to use even decomposed tissues for analysis (Tracqui et al. 2004). The situation whitethorn heretofore be encountered where for various reasons there are no tissues remaining and the arthropods remain the only available material for analyses. In these instances, a qualitative analysis will be of value, but any attempt at quantitation must be viewed with skepticism. Much more research is ask before the all-inclusive potential of this discipline can be recognized.Forensic toxicologists qualitatively and quantitatively nominate drugs and poisons which may be relevant to cause and manner of death. In most cases, toxicological specimens are smooth at autopsy. Alternatively, if a body is badly decomposed, bone, hair, and insect larvae and pupae are collected and analyzed.The use of insects and insect remnants as toxicological specimens is well documented. Insect tissue or remnants (pupal cases, frass, etc.) can be used to identify drugs and toxins present in decomposing tissues. Literature to date has cited the use of arthropods as an alternative toxicological source since 1980.Beyer was one of the first to use maggots to qualitatively assess drug presence in a guess suicide case. A body of a 22-year old female was constitute skeletonized except for the skin. Larvae were collected and homogenized with the proteins precipitated out of solution. Gas chromatography was used to identify a phenobarbital slow-wittedness of 100 g/g in larval tissue. The larvae were identified as Cochliomyia macellaria (Beyer et al. 1980).Levine et al. (2000) described a case in which an unidentified male was found by a river and was decomposed and skeletonized. An empty bottleful of red devil was found near the body. Calf muscle and maggots were sent for toxicological analysis. No substances or drugs were unwraped in the calf muscle, but secobarbital was identified in the maggots by electron ionization gas chromatography/ mountain spectrometry.In a similar study, Wilson et al. (1993) reared genus genus Calliphora vicina on human worn muscle from suicidal overdose victims of co-proxamol (propoxyphene and acetaminophen) and amitriptyline. Third instars were transferred to drug-free muscle or departed to feed on drug-laden muscle for two more twenty-four hour periods previous to harvesting. The drug concentration s in the muscle food source were 0.48 g/g amitriptyline, 0.38 g/g nortriptyline, 0.99 g/g propoxyhene, and 14.3 g/g acetaminophen. The typify ratios of drug concentrations in larvae to the food source were 0.5, amitriptyline 0.5, nortriptyline and 0.06 for propoxyphene. In all st elds no drugs or metabolites were detected in puparia, pupal cases, or adults (Wilson et al, 1993).Malathion, an organophosphate insecticide, was identified in larvae found on a decedent opinion to be a suicide victim. Malathion was detected at a concentration of 2,050 g/g of larvae in specimens collected from the decomposing remains. Malathion exhibits low toxicity in mammals, yet a high toxicity to adult insects. In this case, the maggots were growth normally despite concentrations of malathion that were toxic to rats and adult species of blow fly (Gunatilake and Goff 1989). This case illustrates the richness of studying the effects many drugs and toxins have on insect species since drugs and toxins may affect insect development, mortality rates, and PMI.The effects of various drugs and toxins to carrion-feeding insects have been investigated, but this area of study is still expanding. Tracqui et al. (2004) examined 29 necropsies in which various original compounds (including benzodiazepines, barbiturates, antidepressants, phenothiazine, opiates, cannabinoids, meprobamate, digoxin, and nefopam) were detected in arthropod larvae sampled from human corpses. Larvae were collected from multiple sites on the cadaver, weighed, washed, and dried. The larvae were automatically homogenized and then extracted employ solid or liquid material body extraction procedures. Sample extracts were then analyzed by gas or liquid-chromatography. The results indicated that the concentrations of the drugs in insect tissues tended to be lower than those of cadaveric samples, and that concentrations varied in the midst of anatomic sites (i.e. within anatomic sites when larvae were multitudeed ac cording to their site of sampling). Tracqui et al. (2004) to a fault found only weak correlations amidst the concentrations of drugs in biofluids at the clip of death and those in the larvae sampled from the cadaver at a later period.Goff has conducted a number of entomotoxicology experiments with various drugs (Goff et al. 1989, Goff et al. 1991, Goff et al. 1992, Goff et al. 1993, Goff et al. 1994). When Goff did his studies he administered the drug to a living animal. He did this so that known and duplicatable concentrations of drugs and metabolites in animal tissue could be used to approximate amounts normally encountered in human fatal overdoses.Hdouin et al. (1999) established concentrations of morphia in an animal model before lift larvae on tissues. Morphine, a metabolite of diacetylmorphia, was injected intravenously into mouse hares. The kinetics of morphia excrement from blood after a single intravenous injection of morphine and the concentrations of morphine in t issues following a continuous perfusion were established. Morphine concentrations were rigid using radioimmunoassay techniques. The rabbits that get a single injection trustworthy 2 mg/kg of morphine hydrochloride. Three rabbits received 2 mg/kg of body weight of morphine hydrochloride per hour for a period of 3 h using a continuous perfusion through a moldable catheter in the ear. Results from the continuous perfusion showed that the concentrations of morphine differed according to the organ analyzed, but were reproducible for organs between animals. This study permitted known and reproducible concentrations of morphine in the rabbit to be used as a substrate for lift of larvae in entomological studies.Goff used rabbits in his entomotoxicological studies of cocain and heroin on Boettcherisca peregrina (Goff et al. 1989, Goff et al. 1991). The rabbits in the heroin study were given 6, 12, 18, and 24 mg of heroin by cardiac puncture. Boettcherisca peregrina were allowed to fee d and develop on liver tissue containing heroin. From hours 18 to 96, larvae feeding on liver tissue containing heroin certain more rapidly than those feeding on the liver from the control. Time required for pupation was alike greater for larvae that fed on tissue from heroin process rabbits than for the control larvae. The rates of development were sufficient to alter PMI estimates based on larval development by up to 29 hours (Goff et al. 1991).In a similar study, three domestic rabbits received dosages of 35, 69, and 137 mg cocaine in 5 mL saline via cardiac puncture in the cocaine study. The dosages represent one-half the LD50, the normal LD50, and twice the LD50. Boettcherisca peregrina were allowed to feed and develop on tissues containing cocaine. From hours 30 to 70, larvae developed more rapidly on tissue containing cocaine from rabbits injected with 69 mg and 137 mg of cocaine than on tissue from rabbits injected with 35 mg of cocaine or no cocaine. Total development c lock required for pupation and adult eclosion were excessively shortened. Differences between larvae developing on cocaine-dosed rabbit tissue compared to a control were sufficient to alter PMI estimates based on larval development in decomposing human tissues by up to 24 h (Goff et al. 1989). Goffs results indicate that an opiate (e.g., heroin) and a stimulant drug (e.g., cocaine) can twain increase the rate of development in the Boettcherisca peregrina (Goff et al. 1989, Goff et al. 1991).Bourel et al. (1999b) administered morphine chlorhydrate to three rabbits from each one at a diametrical concentration. The three concentrations were 12.5, 25.0 and 50.0 mg/h of morphine chlorhydrate via ear perfusion. A fourth rabbit was used as a control. Following administration of the drug, rabbits were sacrificed and 400 screwballs of Lucilia sericata were placed in the eyes, nostrils, and mouth of each rabbit. Larvae were sampled daily to determine growth rate and weight. Puparia and e merging adults were also sampled. In this study, the larvae reared on the control and the rabbits that received 12.5 and 25 mg/h of morphine developed at similar rates from hours 41 to 69, while larvae reared on the carcass given 50.0 mg/h of morphine developed at a slower rate. From hour 91 to 165, the larvae from carcasses that received 12.5 and 50.0 mg/h developed at the same rate, which was slower than the control colony. Overall, the effects of morphine appear to be dose dependent as the larvae feeding on the rabbit that received the greatest dosage were the bumper-to-bumper to develop. Based on results from this study, between hours 91 and 165 adherences of larval age based on total aloofness can be substantially in geological fault if the presence of morphine in tissues is not considered. The error can be as great as 24 h for Lucilia sericata larvae measuring from 8 to 14 mm total length.In another case Bourel et al. (2001) used approximately 100 larvae of L. sericata re ared on sevensome 250 g portions of minced beef combined with morphine hydrochloride solutions. After egg hatch, 10 specimens of second instar, thirdly instar, post-feeding third instar and pupae were sampled and immediately frozen. After adults emerged, they were kept in a jar until they died and desiccated. Samples were homogenized, centrifuged, and the supernatant analyzed for morphine content using a specific radioimmunoassay. Concentrations of morphine were high in second and third instar larvae, almost proportional to concentrations in minced nerve centre, but almost no morphine was detected in pupae. The results indicate that larvae excrete the drug during the post-feeding stage. A amount of morphine is sequestered in the cuticle of pupae, but at polished concentrations. Morphine is sequestered in the cuticle during larval growth and in the formation of puparia (Bourel et al. 2001).Elimination of drugs or toxins prior to metamorphosis has been shown in other studies. Sad ler et al. (1995) was able to detect trimipramine, trazodone, and temazepam, in the larvae of Calliphora vicina, but was unable to detect the drugs in the pupae. The fact that drugs do not bioaccumulate throughout the life of the larvae suggests that elimination mechanisms are present. Drug concentrations decreased when larvae were taken from drug laden meat and placed on drug free meat. The results of these studies indicate the vastness of lay in larvae for toxicological analysis from those feeding actively on a corpse.Introna et al. (1990) reared Calliphora vicina larvae on liver specimens from 40 cases in which cause of death had been determined to be opiate intoxication. Analysis of larvae and liver for opiates (morphine) was accomplished by radioimmunoassay. The concentration of opiates for all cases was found to oscilloscope from 8 to 1,208 g/kg for larvae and 26 to 1,769 g/kg for the liver specimens. A significant difference was found between the opiate liver and larval co ncentrations.Goff and Lord (1994) reviewed various studies in entomotoxicology and concluded that entomotoxicological examination was essential to accurate forensic bugology conclusions. Data indicating the presence of drugs allow for corrections to the data in cases when drugs affect insect development.Future trends in forensic entomologyThe precise estimation of PMI is the most Copernican cultureof forensic entomology by refining the techniques used.Developmental and succession data, servant of agreater number of geographical regions and a range ofdeath scene scenarios are essential. Moreover there areseveral parameters which conduct further attention.It is important to consider factors that might alter thetime of oviposition, such as covering corpses withbranches or tight wrapping with blankets, carpets or pliant bags, and indoor placement, because these factorsmay delay initial oviposition (Higley and Haskell 2001).Seasonal influences, such as cold and rainy weather, mayinh ibit or even hamper fly natural process and delay oviposition(Erzinclioglu 1996). However, Faucherre et al. (1999)observed flying as well as ovipositing Calliphora vicinaunder extreme conditions in the Swiss Alps, colonizing acorpse in a 10-m deep cave at a temperature of approximately 5_C.The generally accepted hypothesis that activity ofnecrophagous fly ceases downstairs an air temperature of10_C (Williams 1984) or even 12_C (Smith 1986Erzinclioglu 1996) may be questionable (see also Deonier1940 Nuorteva 1965). However, the case described byFaucherre et al. (1999) occurred at an altitude of 1,260 mand wherefore a cold-adapted population of C. vicina mayhave been involved.Blowflies usually show peaks of oviposition activity inthe early after noon (Nuorteva 1959a Baumgartner andGreeenberg 1984, 1985 Greenberg 1990). These insectsare not active at night and generally do not lay eggsduring shadow (Greenberg 1985). A postmortem intervalestimation based on that assumption has to c onsiderthe possibility that a corpse which was found near noonand was infested by recently hatched maggots, could havebeen deposited there in the late evening of the previousday. Hence, fly eggs detected on a corpse during the nightwould lead to the conclusion that death occurred duringthe previous day or earlier (Nuorteva 1977). Greenberg(1990) presented the first experimental evidence ofnocturnal oviposition by three forensically importantblow flies, Calliphora vicina, Phormia regina and Lucilia(Phaenicia) sericata. On the other hand, Tessmer et al.(1995) reported that blowflies fail to lay eggs at night both(prenominal) in urban (with lighting) and rural dark habitats.However, Singh and Bharti (2001) supported the findingsof Greenberg (1990). Hence nocturnal oviposition is apossibility and should be taken into consideration.Diapause, the period during which growth and developmentof insects is suspended, is still a challenge for theforensic entomologist (see also Ames and turner 2003).Depending on the insect taxa, the major influences onlarvae or pupae are photoperiod and temperature. Decliningday length and/or decreasing temperatures indicateapproaching winter and induce diapause, preventingdevelopment under unfavourable environmental conditions.In many forensically important blowflies, diapauseis under maternal control and exposure of females to shortday lengths induces diapause in the offspring (Vinogradova1991). Species with a large geographical rangehave to pillowcase changes in day length throughout the year.The critical day length which induces diapause will be farsighteder in populations from a northern range than insouthern populations (McWatters and Saunders 1998).The forensic entomologist working in a temperate regioninvestigating a sample of dead maggots collected from acorpse during late September has to consider the possibilitythat these maggots had already entered diapause.Besides day length, temperature may also influence theincidence of diapause (Vinogradova and Zinovjeva 1972). impertinent photoperiod, temperature is not a noise-free signal,as it is subject to considerable variation both within andbetween years (McWatters and Saunders 1998). Increasingconstant temperature is known to condense the incidenceof diapause in forensically important Dipteran species,such as Liopygia argyrostoma (Saunders 1975), Protophormiaterraenovae (Vinogradova 1986) and Calliphoravicina (McWatters and Saunders 1998).The duration of diapause is another important parameter.McWatters and Saunders (1998) showed that in C.vicina kept at temperatures of 15_C and 20_C, respectively,diapause was concluded in most larvae within30 days. However, the diapause ended earlier in larvaewhose parents had been kept at 20_C than those whoseparents had been kept at 15_C. These observations shouldbe a forethought for the forensic entomologist and points to theneed for further studies on other species. competition may affect development and growth oft he larvae. Smith and Wall (1997a, 1997b) presented datawhich indicate that the larvae of Lucilia sericata incarcasses experience significant levels of competition and that the fall downion of this competition may be sufficient toreduce the numbers of adult L. sericata able to emergesuccessfully.Reiter (1984), Smith (1986) and Erzinclioglu (1990)pointed to another factor which could complicate theestimation of the postmortem interval-precocious eggdevelopment in flies. In some female flies, eggs may beretained in the oviduct, having been fertilized as they passthe spermathecal ducts in advance of the act of oviposition (Wells and queen 2001). In cases where a suitableoviposition site is not available, the eggs may remaininside the fly until they have completed embryonic development. It has been reported for several species ofthe tribe Calliphorini, including the forensically importantCalliphora vicina, that the larva hatches from such eggsimmediately following oviposition (Erzincli oglu 1990Wells and office 2001). Precocious eggs are more likely tobe found in bluebottles (Calliphora spp.) than in otherlineages of carrion-feeding blowflies and the proportionof wild flies carrying an egg that is about to hatch can bequite high (Wells and King 2001).Parasitoid larvae feed exclusively on other arthropods, in general insects, resulting in the death of the parasitoidshost (Godfray 1994). The majority of parasitoids areeither members of the order Hymenoptera or Diptera,representing an extremely diverse group and constitutingabout 8.5% of all described insects (LaSalle and Gauld1991 Godfray 1994). They also endeavour necrophagous taxaand therefore could appear on carrion. Fabritius andKlunker (1991) listed 83 parasitoid species, mainlywasps, which attack the larval and pupal stages ofsynanthropic Diptera in Europe. There are few reports onthe use of parasitoids in forensic entomology (Smith1986 Haskell et al. 1997 Amendt et al. 2000 Andersonand Cervenka 2002 Grassbe rger and Frank 2003b). Thelife-cycles of the unwashed parasitoid species are known(e.g. Geden 1997) and, even if the adults have alreadyemerged and left the host, the pupal exuviae of theparasitic wasps can be identified for a long timeafterwards (Geden et al. 1998 Carlson et al. 1999). Theparasitoid developmental times can then be metrical andadded to the time of development of the blowfly host.Pupal parasitoids of blowflies may play an speciallyimportant role in the estimation of the postmortem periodbecause their time of attack is often restricted to a small,well-defined window of time at the beginning of the pupaldevelopment of the host insect (Anderson and Cervenka2002). An prototype of the practical application of thesewasps involved a case where the early colonizers,individuals of the blowfly Protophormia terraenovae,had finished their development and already left the scenebut adults of the parasitoid Nasonia vitripennis (HymenopteraPteromalidae) were meet about to emerg e. Thesewasps need, at a constant temperature of 25_C, 350accumulated degree days, consider to about 14 days, to bear on adulthood (Whiting 1967 Grassberger and Frank2003b). By line of merchandise the host P. terraenovae needs about9 days at this temperature to reach the stage appropriatefor the parasitoids oviposition (Marchenko 2001 Grassbergerand Reiter 2002a). It can therefore be assumed thatthe flies had access to the body for at least about 23 daysbefore the corpse was found. The calculation of developmentaltimes for the host and the parasitoid allowed theestimation of a greater minimum postmortem intervalthan the estimated development time of Protophormiaterraenovae alone. This enabled the criminal investigatorsto disprove the testimony of a witness who claimed thathe had seen the victim alive 20 days before the corpse wasfound. However, when thinking about the potentialinfluence, especially of larval parasitoids, it is importantto remember that this specialized group might also createsignificant problems for forensic entomology. Holdawayand Evans (1930) described, for example, the change indevelopmental times for Lucilia sericata after the attackof its parasitoid Alysia manducator, which resulted in ill-timed pupariation.The role of freshwater and marine fauna in forensicinvestigations has received very little attention (Payneand King 1972 Nuorteva et al. 1974 Goff and Odom1987 Haskell et al 1989 Catts and Goff 1992 Vance etal. 1995 Sorg et al. 1997 Davis and Goff 2000).Knowledge about the role of aquatic arthropods duringdecomposition is still scanty (Keiper et al. 1997Tomberlin and Adler 1998 Hobischak and Anderson1999, 2002 Anderson 2001 Merrit and Wallace 2001Anderson and Hobischak 2004). Compared with terrestrialhabitats, decomposition in an aquatic environment iscompletely different. It occurs at a rate roughly half thatof decomposition on land, mainly due to the legal profession ofinsect activity and cooler temperatures (Knight 1991).Merrit a nd Wallace (2001) have distinguished six decompositionalstages ranging from submerged fresh,floating decay to sunken remains. Aquatic insects offorensic importance belong to the Ephemeroptera (mayflies),Trichoptera (caddis flies) and Diptera (true flies)the latter are mainly represented by Chironomidae(midges) and Simuliidae (black flies). However, theseinsects, unlike their terrestrial counterparts, are notobligatory saprophages, but instead use the submergedcarrion both as a food source and a breeding site. The use of these insects for estimating the time of death istherefore more difficult and depends on the period and onother conditions of the aquatic systems. No successionalinsect model exists which describes the different waves ofcolonization of a corpse in aquatic habitats (Merrit andWallace 2001).Finally, forensic entomology may help in investigationsdealing with living, but ill, people by revealingneglect. The occurrence of maggots in the wounds ornatural orifices of livin g persons may indicate such aneglect. Estimating the age of these maggots can revealhow long the neglect has been happening (Benecke 2003).

The Reasons For Investing In It Projects Information Technology Essay

The Reasons For investment funds In It Projects breeding engineering EssayThe requirement for softw be program product has highly-developed far faster than world ability to create it. Also, the people ask software that is isolated much than than usable, reliable, and stronger than what is being introduced today. We have become naughtily dependent on very big software systems which behavior of theatrical role is not well identified and which are frequently fail in unexpected ways. So increase on software researches may be given a strong priority. Special emphasis should be put on maturation software for managing large amounts of information, for making computers easier to use, for making software easier to create and maintain, and for improving the ways humans communicate with computers.IT changed the world cultivation Technology allow for be leading and most powerful in the 21st blow that will change the way of our life style. Learning, computeing, and performing and e verything will be depend on powerful IT Projects Advances in wrick out and communications technology will create a sunrise(prenominal) stem for business, scientific research, and social interaction. This expanding infrastructure will provide us with new tools for communicating throughout the world and for acquiring knowledge and insight from information. teaching technology will help us to understand how we affect the indispensable environment and how best to protect it. It will provide a vehicle for economic increment. breeding technology will give rise the workplace more rewarding, improve the quality of health care, and make g all overnment more reactive and accessible to the take of our citizens.We are living in 21st century in these days everything is handy, everything is compact because of Information Technology .Developed country and developing country every one need information technology , because everyone wants to make their work easier or shorter, even they ar e build to spend more money for that. In this modern world people are expecting more from information technology, they want to be relevant to their dreams as a software or IT confinements. The modern people are used to IT because the Information Technology have make a lot to the public that is from the communication assistant , transport service, accounts department, colleges, supermarkets, even a small grocery shop utilise IT technologies. So this world is eer welcoming Information Technology nowadays.IT is palsy-walsy for publicMostly everyone in this world like to finish their work faster because that is the nature of human being, so incredible IT is a adorn for them. Now very rarely we can see a eagle-eyed queue in bank or train ticket yield because of this IT technology .You just imagine if millions of people living without any IT technology even one day they cant manage without it technology everything will freeze or struck and they cant come out no heating no traffi c lights. So everything depends on IT. The relationship amidst information technology and public never end public always need new technologies and some updated for old technology.Impotence of IT CompaniesThere are lots of companies and organizations are waiting for heavy IT projects to deplume their customers. They are ready to invest a lot of money for software projects. An IT companyneeds to create a project for their clients, and they need to know about their clients requirements and drug user ability and the functions between the company and their customers. An IT company can do destination user IT support Managing desktops Managing their networks Voice and data communication Create lotion for Business Planning for strategic Technology Project ManagementFor their customersAdvantages of IT projectsInformation Technology makes everything easy and faster. One software can finish the work very quickly, than many men doing that work so there is sentence saving. If a software can do a work of deoxycytidine monophosphate mens work there is a cost cut, that company can let off more wages in their profit. If everything computerized everything will beunder our leaf tip paying a bill card transaction debit, creed card usage can do with a laptop or a PC. This could be financial impact, pure profit, ROI, increased sales, impact on share price. Mostly every department gets advantages from Information Technology so all of them are ready to invest their profits on Information Technology.Why companies and organizations spend in IT projectsEach and every department workings for their clients or customers, they need more customers to increase their profit level or profit margin. So they are expecting help from IT companies because they can create a suitable IT projects or software to make customers work easier. A good project management can create a useful project for their clients. A good project can very easily attract customers and in the mean time many cust omers can be handled by the software projects even a customer can operate the machine if the machine is user friendly, in future in all over the world all kind of work can be done by machines and applications. Many countries like America , United Kingdom Germany etc using up their money on Information Technology to develop the country.Main Goals of investing in IT projects There are main goals of everyone investing money, time in IT projects. Saving money saving time reduces risk of financial, technological and data losses caused by disasters. Increasing investment in IT projects become a multimillion business because the big company and industries realize that they can earn more money or more profit from this IT project and this IT projects stabilize their growth of their industries.

Palliative Care Nursing Reflection

Palliative Care breast feeding Reflection admissionThe Health tuition Quality Strategy for NHS Scotland (Scottish government activity 2010) was a further phylogenesis from Better Health, Better Care (Scottish Government 2007). In this reflective explanation I wish to concentrate on the flocks priorities for the people of Scotland outlined at heart this document, the ultimate aim is to provide the highest fictional character of sustenance. It has as their objectives that cautiousness given(p) should be consistent, person centered, clinically effective and safe and equitable with patients receiving chiseled parley with regards to conditions and treatment (Scottish Government 2010). Hubley and Copeman, (2008) state conversation skills are paramount in health carry off to stop that tailored advice is delivered effectively.This reflective account is establish on an experience from my 3rd year management transcription. Using Gibbss Reflective Model (1988) I aim to outline wha t occurred throughout the attendant which have-to doe with providing conk communication and patient centered precaution and how this stomach be linked to the Quality Strategy in relation to the peoples priorities. This reflective model has been selected as it enables reflection on praxis in a structured way allowing one to identify overcritical learning and development from their experience to enhance approaching practice (Bullman and Schutz, 2008). This scenario allow consider how this casualty depart aid in my transition from student declare to staff make.To comply with patients rights to confidentiality and in accordance with the Nursing and obstetrics Council (NMC), (2010) I will use of goods and services the pseudonym Mrs walk.DESCRIPTIONThis reflection involves a 78 year old lady Mrs walk who was an inpatient on the ward for 10 days after being diagnosed as having a cerebral haemorrhage. This had left Mrs Wade with a left sided weakness and aphasic. It was du ring this snip it was established that Mrs Wade was besides suffering from a perforated catgut and after discussion with her family from the medical staff it was decided that Mrs Wade was for no further active care and was to remain in the wards single mood for palliative care.FeelingsDuring my three years as a student nurse I had been composite with the care or palliative patients. However, I felt up I still lacked confidence in this situation in communication with patients and families. I had been have-to doe with in Mrs Wades care from admission as I had been her admitting nurse and I felt I had established a equitable patient / nurse relationship which in accordance with the Nursing and obstetrics Council (2008) allows for patient centered care. This is a difficult time for the Wade family and as stated with in The Healthcare Quality Strategy for NHS Scotland (Scottish Government 2010, p6) I would strive to provide care that was both condole with and compassionate.Eval uationThe negative opinion of this situation was that I was dealing with a palliative care patient and that it was inevitable that my patient would die.The positive aspect that I could give from this was I was being put in a situation as a 3rd year student on my final placement and this would give me an experience that I could learn from.Jones (2012) advocates that it is inherent in nurse to have sincere communication skills. This is also advocated by Dougherty and Lister (2008) who states that communication is an integral branch of maintaining a high quality of record holding which is regarded as a vital standard of practice by the NMC (2008). parley and written care records aid to establish a continuity of care. A holistic approach for continuity of care is exceptionally important when lovingness for palliative care patients as nurses have a crucial aim in care provision (Hill, 2011). It is important to note that whatsoever development that is given to Mrs Wade and he r family is given in an open and honest manner and to ensure that they understand and give opportunity to ask questions (NMC, 2008). As Mrs Wade was a palliative care patient it gave rise to effective teamwork inside the multi-disciplinary team to ensure all Mrs Wades call for were met as well as her families to ensure continuity of care whilst showing clinical excellence.AnalysisThe mankind Health Organisation (nd) describes palliative care as an approach that improves the quality of life of patients and their families facing the problem associated with life-threatening illness, through the prevention and ministration of suffering by means of early identification and impeccable sagaciousness and treatment of pain and other problems, physical, psychosocial and spiritual.A holistic approach was interpreted in planning Mrs Wade care incorporating physical, psychological, social, emotional and environmental needs. These needs are not only imperative to the patient but also had to include all Mrs Wades immediate family in who she had requested to be involved (Dougherty and Lister, 2008). Within the ward I worked active care plans and patient care plans are reviewed daily and updated accordingly to ensure the patient receives the best possible care (NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, 2014)Jones (2012) states that it is essential in nursing to have right(a) communication skills. This is also reiterated by Dougherty and Lister (2008) who states that communication is an integral part of maintaining a high quality of record keeping which is regarded as a vital standard of practice by the NMC (2009). Communication and written care records aid to establish a continuity of care. Communication also incorporates the talent to listen and support and ensure understanding (NMC 2008).In addition to caring for Mrs Wade I was also given the opportunity to be involved in meeting with the multi-disciplinary team which in Mrs Wades faux pas involved the palliative care team for the hospital. This again reiterated the importance of good communication skills and accurate record keeping to ensure that all participants in Mrs Wades care knew exactly what was happening (SIGN 20). In terms of communication I felt I was gaining confidence especially with the family members as I had construct up a rapport which was both professional whilst being hail-fellow-well-met and trusting (MacLeod et al 2010).Mrs Wade as well as any patient within our care should receive care outlined by the peoples priority. Patients receiving palliative care should be made wanton and pain free and to be cared for in a safe and light environment (Scottish Government, 2010 p6).Reflection from this incident has made me aware of the level of sake each member of staff from health care assistants through to consultants job in the care of patients. This was sh feature through the numerous times I was involved in multi-disciplinary meets, re-assessment of care plans to ensure the highest s tandard of evidence based care was given to Mrs Wade (NMC 2009).CONCLUSIONThe outcome was positive in the aspect that a holistic approach to Mrs Wades care was taken in accordance with The Scottish Governments Initiative (2010) on patient centered care. I felt empowered by incorporating the use of the SBAR framework in effective collaboration with the multidisciplinary team aided clear communicating in accordance with The Scottish Government (2010). This consequenceed in a consistent continuity of care for Mrs Wade.ACTION PLANA expiry of this significant event was that it gave me the experience of dealing with a delicate situation. As stated by Scheffer and Rubenfeld (2000) Critical thinking in nursing is an essential component of professional accountability and quality nursing care. Critical thinkers in nursing exhibit these habits of the mind confidence, contextual perspective, creativity, flexibility, inquisitiveness, intellectual integrity, intuition, open-mindedness, persever ance, and reflection. Critical thinkers in nursing practice the cognitive skills of analyzing, applying standards, discriminating, information seeking, logical reasoning, predicting, and transforming knowledge. I was also given the opportunity afterwards to reflect on my subroutine and the role each member of the team took in the care of a palliative care patient.I feel for future development I will take responsibility for my hold learning in areas where I felt I lacked knowledge. In this situation I had assumed that Mrs Wade was recovering from her diagonal, however I was unaware that the effect a CVA has on the brain can result in continence issues and result in bowel perforation. I believe that in the future and with more(prenominal) experience I will be aware of complication resulting from a CVA and although I would not expect to be an expert I would be better equipped to deal with similar situations in the future (RCN 2013).OVERALL CONCLUSIONOn reflection of my own experien ce and in using this to aid in my transition from student nurse to staff nurse I feel I have enhanced my own knowledge on palliative care (Dougherty and Lister, 2011) whilst reiterating the importance of good communication skills. It also highlighted the importance of having the confidence to acknowledge ones own lack of knowledge and be able to admit to this and where to seek guidance to ensure that the correct protocol is followed to ensure patient safety at all times and to provide continuity of care. I feel that the care given to this patient is in line with the initiative of The Scottish Governments Healthcare Quality Strategy for Scotland (2010).In relation to how this incident reflects on my transition it shows that on graduating as a staff nurse I will immediately assume the role which includes leadership, delegation and supervision. at a time NMC registered, a host of expectations are placed upon you. The RCN (2010) reported that newly fitting staff nurses feel unprepare d and overwhelmed by their new responsibilities, making the menstruation of transition very stressful rather than exciting and truly enjoyable. However, I hope to overcome these feelings by immersing myself in the knowledge that I will adhere to all policies and guideline by The Scottish Government (2010) to ensure the best possible care and service to all.ReferencesMcLeod Deborah L, Dianne M. Tapp Moules, N., Campbell M E crafty the family Interpretations of family nursing in oncology and palliative care European Journal of Oncology Nursing Volume 14 issue 2 April 2010 Page 93-10 http//www.sciencedirect.com/science/ oblige/pii/S1462388909001124NHS GGC http//www.nhsggc.org.uk/content/default.asp?page=s1458

Experimental Investigations of Catalytic Effect of Cu2+

observational Investigations of Catalytic final result of Cu2+Experimental Investigations of Catalytic Effect of Cu2+ During Anodic Di solving of Iron in NaCl ElectrolyteR.K Upadhyay1, Arbind Kumar2 and P.K Srivastava3AbstractTaguchis orthogonal coordinate L9 has been effectively used to study the effect of make parameters such as voltage, feed graze and electrolyte tightness on material remotion number in context of two different types of electrolyte namely sedimentary NaCl dissolvent and electrolyte termination containing Cu2+ ions. The results indicated that Cu2+ has a catalytic effect on the anodic profligacy of press out, which waitrict the oxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+ and cast ups the adjournment straddle during machining. The experimental results were analyzed employ summary of departure (ANOVA) method to investigate the significance and percentage persona of individual process parameters on work characteristics.Key Words electrochemical Machining, Aqueous N aCl, Cu2+, Parameters, Oxidation, Material Removal score.IntroductionElectrochemical machining (ECM) has got an industrial immensity due to its capability of controlled atomic level surface removal1. It is an anodic profligacyprocess based on electrolysis, where the application of a more traditionalistic process is not convenient. ECM has been successfully employed in aerospace, gondola industries and now gaining much importance in the electronics and other high-tech industries for the forum of micro components2-3. Mask less and by dint of mask electrochemical micromachining techniques rush been successively used thin films and foils of materials those are difficult to machine by other methods4-5. Electrochemical machining is low voltage (5-25 volt) machining process which offers high metal removal identify and to a fault capable to machine hard semiconductive materials into complicated profiles without any thermal damages consequently suitable for throne production wor k with low labor requirements6-7. The dissolution rate is passing reliant on the selection of electrolytes and its period carrying capacity. On increasing the ducking of electrolyte solution dissolution rate also amplifications tho excess denseness allows the crystal system, which may damage the accessories of ECM and reduce the volume of electrolyte in accrue pipes. The conductivity of electrolyte depends not only if on the concentration but also on ionic interaction. Thus, the current carrying process done by the base electrolyte is small, but H+ and OH ions produced in electrolysis of water play eventful role8-9. The achievement of high dissolution rate in ECM is a strong research base which is possible by change in composition of electrolyte solution to promote catalytic effect during dissolution10.During electrochemical machining of saddlelift at low current density it has been observed that Fe+ cation organize very easily but it is highly unstable and immediately oxidises into Fe2+ state. addition in current density leads to simultaneous production of Fe2+ and Fe3+, at higher current density apparent valence of iron emergences above three11. Therefore, to stabilize Fe2+ in the sedimentary solution is a challenge during dissolution.EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP AND doctrine OF ECMFig 1 Experimental set-upECM is an anodic dissolution process works on the principle of Faradays law. While machining of iron in comportment of aqueous NaCl electrolyte solution the following(a) chemical reactions are observed12.Reactions at CathodeNa+ + e NaNa + H2O NaOH + H+2H+ + 2e H2It shows that only hydrogen gas will evolve at cathode.When pure iron is being machined electrochemically the following reactions would occur13-14.Fe Fe2++ 2e Fe2+ + 2Cl FeCl2Fe2+ + 2(OH) Fe(OH)2FeCl2 + 2(OH) Fe(OH)2 + 2Cl2Cl Cl2 + 2e 2FeCl2 + Cl2 2FeCl3H+ + Cl HCl2Fe(OH)2 + H2O +O2 2Fe(OH)3Fe(OH)3 + 3HCl FeCl3+ 3H2OFeCl3+ 3NaOH Fe(OH)3 + 3NaClIt shows that during elec trochemical machining of iron in NaCl electrolyte, iron is removed as Fe(OH)2 and precipitated as max mend sodium chloride is recovered back. Due to go on reaction, formation of Fe(OH)3 is also possible Which, confirms the existence of iron in +2 and +3 states during dissolution. goal of Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions in electrolyte solutionThe electrolyte solution containing Fe+2 and Fe+3 ions was collected. Fe+2 ions were determined directly by titrating a cognise volume of iron electrolyte solution with K2Cr2 O7 in blistering medium (HCl).Cr2O7 2- + 6Fe+2 + 14H+ = 2Cr+3 + 6Fe +3 + 7H2OInternal indicator N- phenyl anthranilic acid was used to scrawl the end point. Fe+3 ions were determined after all the Fe+3 ions are reduced into Fe+2 ions with SnCl2 in presence HCl in hot.Sn+2 + 2Fe +3 = Sn+4 + 2Fe+2The solution was then cooled and excess SnCl2 was removed by adding HgCl2 solution.2Hg+2 + Sn+2 +Cl = Sn+4 +Hg2Cl2 (white ppt)Titration of known volume of meter solution was done using e nsample solution of K2Cr2O7 in acidic medium. From the volume of K2Cr2O7 used, the total amount of Fe+2 and Fe+3 ions was determined. The amount of Fe+3 ion was determined by subtracting amount of Fe+2 which is determined earlier.Material removal rate during electrochemical machining is greatly influenced by dissolution valence. As the dissolution valence decreases MRR increases. In this subject an approach is made to enhance the electrochemical dissolution of iron through control of valency (transition) therefore, in this direction, use of electrolyte solution containing Cu2+ is suggested. The dissolution check of iron by Cu2+ ions can be is justified by considering the standard electron potential E for Cu2+, Fe/Fe2+and Fe/Fe3+ described as follows15.Cu2+ + 2e- Cu E = +0.34V Fe2+ + 2e- Fe E = -0.44V Fe3+ + e- Fe2+ E = +0.77VAs E for Cu2+ Cu is more positive than Fe2+ Fe, Cu2 +will oxidize Fe to Fe2+. However, as E for Cu2+ Cu is less positive than Fe3+ Fe2+, Cu2+ will not oxidize Fe2+ to Fe3+. Making electrolyte solution250 gramsof NaCl was mixed with400 gramsof CuSO4 in10 litersof water. The mixture is stirred well for 2 minutes then heated until it loses its green color. The crystals of sodium sulphate (Na2SO4) and bullshit chloride (CuCl2) were removed by filtering the solution and thi the solution thus obtained was saturated solution of Na2SO4 containing Cu2+ ions which participates in anodic dissolution process.MACHINING CONDITIONSFollowing machining parameters are selected on the keister of performance characteristics,Table1 Machining conditions for analysisSELECTION OF MACHINING PROCESS PARAMETERSTable 2 shows machining parameters and selected levels for experimental procedureTable 2 exercise parameter and their levelsMeasurement of MRRThe sign weight of the work voice was taken for calculation of MRR. Keeping the flow rate constant at 15 lit/min and the rest of the parameters are set according to table 1 for each run. work up piece was kept ho rizontal, and cylindrical electrode was used for machining. Gap between slam and workpiece was maintained carefully to avoid the choking. The electrode was fed continuously towards the work piece during machining and time was recorded. After machining, the cavity was formed on the work-piece. The final weight of the work-piece was taken and material removal rate was calculated as per the following formulaMRR= . (1)EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDUREThe design resulted in total of cardinal experiments, which are performed at 10V-18V supply voltage, 10-30 g/lit electrolyte concentration and 0.0001-0.0005 cm/ second gear feed rate as the values for the control variables. The responses mensurable are Material removal rate (MRR) Scheme of the experiments is as shown in Table 3.Table 3 Taguchi L9 OA for MRRRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONAnalysis of Variance (ANOVA) when machinating in presence of NaCl electrolyte solution Percentage contribution of each parameter on material removal rate during electrochemica l machining of iron in aqueous NaCl electrolyte solution is shown in table 4 and represented graphically in mental image 2.Table 4 ANOVA for MRR NaCl as electrolyte Fig 2. Contributions of the parameters when machining in presence of aqueous NaCl electrolyte solutionRegression EquationMRR= -0.01096 +0.002296Voltage +64.0 plyRate +0.000540 preoccupation. (2)The equation (2) shows that break rate is dominant factor affecting MRR. The graphs shown in rule 3 are plan from the regression equation (2).Fig 3. Main do Plot for SN ratios (NaCl electrolyte solution)Figure shows the main effect plot of the MRR portraiture the effect of various machining parameters on MRR. As seen from the plot obtained, the MRR increased with increase in both voltage and feed rate. This is due to the fact that with increase in voltage the current increases in the inter electrode gap thus increasing the MRR. open rate is another important parameter. Increase in feed rate results in decrease of the condu cting path between the workpiece and the peckerwood hence resulting in high current density thus enhancing the speedy anodic dissolution. An overall increase in the MRR was also observed with increase in the concentration as the larger number of ions associated with the machining process which increases the machining current and thus results in higher MRR.Effects of selected process variables (i.e. Voltage, guide rate and tightfistedness) on material removal rate (MRR) at different sets of conditions while machining in presence of aqueous NaCl solution are shown in figure 4(a), 4(b) and 4(c). Fig. 4(a) Effects of Voltage on material Fig. 4(b) Effects of Feed rate on materialremoval for different Concentration, removal for different Voltage,Feed rate= 0.0001 cm/sec. Concentration = 20 g/lit.Fig.4(c) Effects of Concentration on material removal for different Feed rates, Voltage= 14 VNaCl electrolyte tend to promote the oxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+ during the dissolution process the l evel best MRR obtained during machining of iron in aqueous NaCl solution recorded was 0.0653 cm3/sec. Although the higher concentration of NaCl is favorable for better MRR but excess concentration allows the crystal formation which reduces the volume of electrolyte in flow pipes and also affects the dissolution rate.Analysis of variance when machining in presence of electrolyte solution containing Cu2+ ionsPercentage contribution of each parameter on material removal rate during electrochemical machining of iron in electrolyte solution containing Cu2+ ions is shown in table 5 and represented graphically in figure 5.Table 5 ANOVA for MRR electrolyte solution containing Cu2+ ionsFig 5. Contributions of the parameters when machining in presence of electrolyte solution containing Cu2+ ionsRegression EquationMRR = -0.0157 +0.002908Voltage +75.3FeedRate +0.000602Concentration. .. (3)The equation (3) shows that voltage is dominant factor affecting MRR. The graphs shown infigure 6 are plot ted from the regression equation (3).Fig 6. Main Effects Plot for SN ratios (electrolyte solution containing Cu2+ ions)The oxidation of Fe2+ in to Fe3+ is restricted due to the presence of Cu2+ in electrolyte solution which promotes the higher dissolution rate during machining. The influence of selected process variables i.e. Voltage, Feed rate and Concentration on material removal rate at different sets of conditions in presence of electrolyte solution containing Cu2+ ions are shown in figure 7(a), 7(b) and 7(c) respectively. Fig. 7(a) Effects of Voltage on material Fig. 7(b) Effects of Feed rate on materialremoval for different Concentration, removal for different Voltage,Feed rate= 0.0001 cm/sec. Concentration = 20 g/lit. Fig. 7(c) Effects of Concentration on material removal for different Feed rates, Voltage= 14 V.The maximum MRR obtained during machining of iron in presence of Cu2 electrolyte solution containing Cu2+ ions was 0.0774 cm3/sec, which is 18.5% more when compared wi th aqueous NaCl electrolyte.CONCLUSIONThe electrochemical characteristics of iron in aqueous NaCl solution and electrolyte solution containing Cu2+ ions has been analyzed experimentally to investigate the influence of process parameters on MRR. The Process parameters such as voltage, feed rate, Electrolyte concentration, were successfully controlled. The different cabals of these parameters were used for the experimentation in rescript to determine their influence on MRR. The experiment was performed by varying all parameters in combination as per L9 orthogonal array. The experimental observations support the conclusion that the presence of Cu2+ ions in electrolyte solution restrict the further oxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+ and enhance the low valence dissolution of iron during machining. tendency of experiments and analysis of variance helped in identifying the significant parameters affecting MRR. The best combination of the parameters are Voltage= 18 V, Feed Rate=0.0005 cm/sec an d electrolyte Concentration = 20 g/lit when using a solution containing Cu2+ ions as electrolyte. The maximum MRR obtained was 18.5 % higher when compared with aqueous NaCl electrolyte for the same set of working conditions.AcknowledgementI express my sincere thanks to Department of use interpersonal chemistry BIT Extension Centre Deoghar for their cooperation to conduct the experiments in order to observe the catalytic behavior of Cu2+ ions.References1.Sekar T, Marappan R. Experimental investigations into the influencing parameters ofelectrochemical machining of AISI 202. journal of innovative Manufacturing Systems 20087(2)337-43.2.Bhattacharyya B, Munda J. Experimental investigation on the influence of Electrochemicalmachining parameters on machining rate and accuracy in micromachining domain. Int J Mach cocks Manuf 2003 43(13)1301-10.3. Kozak J, Rajurkar KP, Makkar Y, Selected problems of microelectrochemical machining daybook of Materials Processing Technology 2004 149 426 431 .4. Bhattacharya B, Doloi B and Sridhar PJ. Electrochemical Micromachining New possibilitiesfor Micro- Manufacturing. J. Material. Proc.Tech 2001113301-305.5. Bhattacharyya B, Malapati M, Munda J, Sarkar A. Influence of tool vibration onMachining performance in electrochemical micro-machining of copper International Journalof Machine Tool and Manufacture 2007 47 335342.6.Hocheng H, Sun YH, Lin SC, Kao PS. A material removal analysis of Electrochemicalmachining using flat-end cathode. Journal of Materials Processing Technology 2003 140264-268.7.Yong L, Di Zhu, Yongbin, Zeng, Shaofu Huang, Hongbing Yu. Experimental Investigationon Complex Structures Machining by Electrochemical Micromachining Technology, ChineseJournal of Aeronautics 2010 23578-584.8.Mukherjee SK, Kumar S, Srivastava PK. Effect of electrolyte on current- carrying processin ECM, I Mech E Part C J. Mechanical engine room Science 2007 2211415-1419.9. Byk MV, Tkalenko DA and Tkalenko MD. On participation of hydroxide ion s in the anodicdissolution of metals in aqueous electrolyte solution. Prot Met t 2004 40(3) 294-296.10.Ayyappan S and Sivakumar K. Investigation of electrochemical machining characteristics of20MnCr5 alloy mark using potassium dichromate mixed aqueous NaCl electrolyte andoptimization of process parameters.Proc I MechE part B Journal of EngineeringManufacture 2014.11.Srivastava PK, Kumar R, Barhai PK. brawn Profile and Thermodynamic Feasibility ofIron(I) during Electrochemical Machining of Iron.International Journal of MechanicalEngineering 2013 411146-1158.12.Mukherjee SK, Kumar S, Srivastava PK. Effect of over voltage on material removal rateduring Electrochemical Machining. Tamkand Journal of Science and Engineering 2005 823- 28.13. Neto JC.d.S, silva, EMd, Silva MBd. Intervening variables in electrochemical machiningJournal of Materials Processing Technology 2006 1799296.14.Mount AR, Muir RN. Dissolution characteristics of iron and stainless steels in chloride underelectrochemi cal machining conditions Journal of the Electrochemical Society 2007154 3E57 E61.15. Electrochemistry 3 Cell potentials and thermodynamics, chemwiki.ucdavis.edu Analytical Chemistry Electrochemistry (2014, accessed 15 May 2015).Stephen K. Lower. Redox equilibria in natural waters Chem1 environmental Chemistry, http//www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/pdf/c3redox.pdf(1998, accessed 15 May 2015).1

Supporting Pupils On Autistic Spectrum In Mainstream Classroom Education Essay

Supporting Pupils On Autistic Spectrum In Mainstream Classroom reproduction EssayIntroductionThe National Autistic Society (NAS) describes Autism as A lifelong developmental dis business leader that affects how a person communicates with, and relates to, other flock and the world around them. Itis a spectrum condition, which means that, while all bulk with autism sh be certain beas of hassle, their condition pull up stakes affect them in opposite ways.Asperger syndrome is a form of autism. (NAS, website)Autistic Spectrum Dis formats (ASD) bear confine an effect on the ability of a child to learn and participate in the contourroom, unless, at that place ar ways to ensure autistic children learn and participate within the mainstream environment.As a teacher of Support for Learning, I am turn tailal in twain the Primary and Secondary sectors. My role involves standing children with supernumerary necessitate within a mainstream school, either in the strainroom, one -to-one or in small crowds. The scholars I decl be pompousness an array of modified necessitys including those exhi bristled autistic tendencies.Looking at a case teach of a child within a mainstream first school exhibiting autistic tendencies, this assignment discusses the topic of ASD the historical aspects, characteristics, theories and diagnosis, policy and legislation, and support provided.The Case resume ChildPupil N is 10 years old, and in primary 5. When the family moved from England to Scotland he was held back for a year in babys room due to delay development. He had communication and language difficulties which were amplified when he started nursery in a Scots school, non only did he come difficulties perceiveing spoken language, just he now had to contend with the Scottish accent as well.To gain near background information, I knowing a questionnaire for p arnts to complete. The questionnaire was carried bulge start verbally during a telephone convers ation with Ns breed. During the conversation, she besides clarified some of the questions in to a greater extent detail. (See appendix 1)As shown in the questionnaire, and from my own utterances, some of the characteristics displayed by pupil N, which ar determine in the triad of impairments, embarrass lack of eye retain-to doe with, poor sociable skills, difficulty in forming friendships with peers, delayed obstetrical deli very although he now talks fluently, however he does have difficulty in sagacity language liking for sameness, a special interest in tractors, does not initiate and sustain conversation, has had sponsor diarrhoea and issues with going to the toilet, which seems to have improved as he has big(a) older he house to a fault occasionally, swear and display warring behaviour towards others, and gets in trouble for this at school.The Historical aspects of AutismResearch in Autism dates back to 1938, though Wing (1993) stirs in that respect were accou nts in literature former to this, provided states there is no information as to the occurrence of autism forward the second half of the twentieth century, however Volkmar, et al (2005) suggests that in 1867 hydrogen Maudsley possibly made the first step toward a classification by grouping children with peculiar, unhinged behavior under the label insane. He suggested a number of subgroups, one of which he called instinctive insanity, which could indicate that some of the children he discussed had ASD.Studies carried push by dint of by Kanner in 1943 involved children identified as having conditions which were diametrical and unique from anything recognized so far. Around the same time, only when independently, Asperger besides carried divulge work in the same field.All of the children in Kanners composition were opposite but displayed actually interchangeable characteristics the common elements lay down in these children included a lack of emotion, repetitive actions , speech formation problems, ability to manipulate various objects, tuition difficulties, and their levels of intelligence.Kanner noteworthy the symptoms were very quasi(prenominal) to those of schizophrenia however, they waited to manifest at a some(prenominal) earlier age. He off- pick up that ..these children had come into the world with an innate inability to form the usual, biologically provided affective contact with concourse. (Kanner, 1943 p250)Asperger discovered some(prenominal) individuals had similar problems with favorable skills and repetitive actions but did not have trouble with learning or their cognitive abilities. around showed exceptional talents or abilities that were considered break throughstanding.Both Kanners 1943 champaign Autistic Disturbances in affectional Contact and Aspergers 1944 study Autistic Psychopathy in Childhood atomic number 18 crucial in early autism research, though Aspergers study was not translated into face until 1991 by Dr. Uta Frith. (Long, B. 2007, website)Both Kanner and Asperger described autism as a classifiable developmental disorder that had not been clinically described before mountain suffering from it were unduly considered to be mentally handicapped. (Bogdashina. 2005)Defining AutismThere has been much research, and varying theories in the field of autism since the studies of Kanner and Asperger, however there does not turn up to be a single core deficit, nor is there a cure.Authors much(prenominal) as Happe (1994), Powell and Jordan (1997), Sicile-Kira (2003), Bogdashina (2005), and Lathe (2006), discuss the most universally used criteria for defining and study autism which is known as Wings Triad of Impairments. The Triad of Impairments is based on certain behavioural characteristics, described by Schreibman (2005) as deficits, which are exhibited in leash main areas impairments of societal interaction, impairments in social communication and impairments in imagination.Impairment s of Social InteractionWing (2003) suggests this understructure be shown in divers(prenominal) ways, and groups them into four categoriesThe aloof groupProbably the most common social impairment in young children behaving as if other people do not exist, and not responding when spoken to appearing to have empty unexpressive faces unless displaying extreme anger, distress or joy. They tend not to want to be touched, and do not make eye contact kind of they play past or straight by means of you. They show no discernment if you are in pain or confuse, and seem to be in a world of their own. For some it may change as they learn older, but for others it may continue throughout life.The passive groupChildren and adults are not completely cut off and accept approaches from others however they do not instigate social interaction also having difficulties with eye contact but can often make contact when re legal opinioned. Passive children are happy to join in games but can often be left out when games change.Generally, their behaviour is less problematic although some can display disturbed behaviour during adolescence.The active but odd groupPeople in this category can initiate contact with others but this can appear odd and inappropriate, and tends to be with those in charge rather than their peers. They appear to be concerned with their own needs rather than those of others. When not getting the attention they want, they can behave aggressively towards others, due to the lack of understanding of social interaction.The over- baronial, stilted groupThis type of behaviour normally manifests in later adolescence, in those who are more able, with a proper level of language.They tend to be over polite and formal, and try very hard to be well behaved. However, they do not fully understand the rules of social interaction and have difficulty adapting their behaviour to divergent situations.Impairments of social communicationBaron-Cohen (2008) claims that if childr en do not produce single run-in by the age of two, or phrased speech by the age of three they are identified as having language delay. Pupil N did not speak until nursery age, up to now then, he could not form the words justly and was referred for public lecture and Language Therapy (SALT).Wing (2003), suggests that all children and adults with ASD have communication problems however Baron-Cohen (2008) suggests there is no speech and language delay with Asperger Syndrome.Wing (2003) states that speech and language delays are common, some may never speak at all. Those who do speak often start by repeating words echolalia, spoken by others. Echolalia can be immediate or delayed. With delayed echolalia, they can often repeat something randomly that they have heard previously, which could be some time ago.The level of understanding varies most have some understanding although this can be confinesed. They also have difficulties in understanding non-verbal communication much(prenomi nal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as nodding ones head, and facial expressions.A study characteristic is that they take things literally, for example, if they were told it is raining cats and dogs, they would expect to see cats and dogs falling from the sky, whence care is needed when speaking to a person with an ASD figures of speech can be taken at face value, leading to stress and terror.The volume of people with ASD have an odd monotonous tone when speaking, which can be inappropriate, they can occasionally speak besides loud or too quiet some often use their special voice which is different from their own.Impairments of ImaginationChildren with ASD are unable to develop imaginative play. Some do show evidence of imaginative play however it tends to be very repetitive, doing the same thing over and over again. Some may even copy a character they have seen on television or in a book, or a non-living object, but also in a repetitive manor.Other repetitive activities include tapping , tasting, smelling, feeling and prick different surfaces, and some can inflict self-injury in the form of scratching, biting and head-banging. (Wing, 2003)Other features suggested by Sicile-Kira, (2003) includeNot liking change in routine or environmentNot reaching developmental milestones exclusively eating certain foodsEating or chewing unusual things lack of common senseNot understanding simple requestsFrequent diarrhoea, upset stomach or constipation.Theories in AutismTheoretical approaches to research in Autism include neuropathological and neuropsychological.NeuropathologicalNeuropathology relates to the telephone exchange nervous system and chief. Discussed by Frith (2003) and Feinstein (2010), Kemper and Bauman carried out a study which led to autism be treated as a biological disorder. They imbed that cells in the hippocampus, subiculum and amygdala parts of the brain associated with emotions, space, behaviour and memory (OMara et al, 2009), were rock-bottom in size and closely packed, and suggested the irregularity occurred in the cells during early development.Anthony Bailey noted that four out of six people with autism had unusually large life-threatening brains, and Dr. Eric Courchesne reported that he found evidence of rapid brain overgrowth in the first year, in infants who develop autism.Dr Manuel Casanova investigated mini-columns of neurons the smallest unit of cells capable of treat information, and suggested they are smaller and more abundant in autistic people.Gillberg, Kemper and Bauman were raise in two sides of the brain as the left side deals with lingual performance, while the objurgate side deals with non-verbal communications such as, gestures and emotional expression, which are impaired in autism. (Feinstein, 2010)Neuropsychological TheoriesThe non-social features that have been explained by researchers include guess of mind, weak central coherence, executive dysfunction and joint attention.Theory of learning ability Theory of mind is the ability to impute mental states to self and others. (Doherty 2008)Baron-Cohen, Leslie and Frith (1985) suggested that autistic children do not develop theory of mind (ToM). Research was carried out by using the Sally Anne test (See appendix 2) which suggested that they suffer from mind blindness and cannot envisage what others might think.ToM attracted criticism due to the point that dolls were used instead of real people. Baron-Cohen cited by Feinstein (2010), stated that the test produced similar results after world carried out again with real people.Weak central coherenceNormally developing people process information by olfactory propertying at and understanding the whole picture. Frith and Happ cited by Rajendran and Mitchell (2007), suggest people with autism process the component parts individually rather than the whole indicating that they have weak global coherence.Shah and Frith tested central coherence using the Wechsler immobilize design (See app endix 3), which requires children to use separate blocks to construct an entire design. They found that autistic children produced a higher score than others in the test, and were also scurrying in constructing the design. (Frith 1985, Shah and Frith, 1993)Frith, cited by Rajendran and Mitchell (2007), contests that autistic people perform better on these tasks because they lack the understanding of global form.Executive dysfunctionExecutive function (EF) is defined as the ability to sustain problem-solving activities for achieving future goals. EF is used for activities such as planning, organizing, strategizing and paying attention to and remembering details.Researchers have noted that symptoms that are not explained by ToM can resemble specific brain injury symptoms, which has led to Ozonoff theorizing that autism could be explained as a deficit in EF. However, different researchers have produced differing results, which suggests that not all autistic individuals exhibit EF pr oblems, also, these difficulties are seen in other disorders and not exclusive to autism. (Rajendran and Mitchell 2007) occasion attentionJoint attention is the way in which one draws somebodys attention to a stimulation by gazing or pointing. This developmental milestone emerges around six months of age. Charman (2003) suggests impairments in joint attention are among the earliest signs of the disorder.There has been other possible action suggested as causing autism such as the triple MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) vaccinum, implicated by Dr Andrew Wakefield, which is administered to children at eighteen months, around the same time that autism is most unremarkably detected.Rutter, cited by Feinstein (2010), stated that although research has pointed out that there is no associate between autism and the MMR, there are still some evokes who choose to have individual vaccinations for their children.Although many theories have been connected with the origins of autism, the core de ficits of the disorder are still unknown. Kemper, cited by Feinstein (2010), statedthere is not going to be one cause or treatment.DiagnosisSicile-Kira, (2003) states that there is no medical examination test to diagnose ASD, and any diagnosis is based on observation of behavioural characteristics.Medical practitioners base the diagnosis on guidelines set out in the World health Organizations International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10), which requires that all three of the triad of impairments are present at 36 months of age or the American Psychiatric Associations system the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV) and (DSM-IV-TR), which also requires that the age of onset should be recorded. (AWARES.org, website)The ICD-10 specifies that at least 8 of the 16 specified items must be fulfilled, which should include 3 from Impairments of reciprocal social interaction, 2 from soft abnormalities in communication, and 2 from Restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped patterns of behaviour, interests and activities.The diagnosis for Asperger Syndrome is similar to Autism however the diagnosis requires that single words should have develop by two years of age or earlier. (World Health Organization, 1993)The Criteria from DSM-IV specifies there should be a total of six or more items which includes 2 from Qualitative impairments in social interaction, 1 from each of the other areas.For Asperger Syndrome, the DSM-IV also states there should be no significant impairments in language communication. (American Psychiatric Association, lucre source)The guidelines for diagnosing autism differ from each other in that the ICD-10 requires a borderline of 8 manifestations for a diagnosis, whereas, the DSM-IV only requires 6. It appears that a person may or may not be diagnosed with autism, depending on which criteria are used.After many conversations with researchers, Feinstein (2010) suggests that there has been an increase in the prevalence of Autism, possibly due t o the blowup of the spectrum and improvements in diagnostic tools.Dorothy Bishop re-tested adults diagnosed with speech and language disorder as children, but not autism, which resulted in a quarter of them macrocosm re-diagnosed with autism. (Feinstein, 2010)Criticisms of diagnostic criteriaCited by Feinstein (2010), researchers such as Lorna Wing, Dr Patricia Howlin, Christopher Gillberg, and Dr Fred Volkmar who was on the DSM-IV classification drafting committee, have criticized the ICD-10 and DSM-IV, particularly as far as Asperger syndrome is concerned. They suggest it is very feigned both criteria state that spoken language must be normal for an Asperger syndrome diagnosis, when in fact Asperger originally stated that peculiarities of speech and language were a key feature.Fombonne (1999) suggests that there are more boys than girls diagnosed with autism on the other hand, Dr Judith Gould cited by pitchers mound (2009) argues that doctors are failing to diagnose thousands o f girls who have Aspergers syndrome, and suggests that girls are not being noticed in the first place, or if they ask for help, they are being turned away and are often rejected when referred for diagnosis.Pupil N appears to display many signs of autism but does not have a medical diagnosis however he has been diagnosed with speech and language delay, and health issues such as toileting.HMIE (2006), state that for best practice, fostering authorities should not limit support only to those with a formal ASD medical diagnosis.There are many reasons why N may not have an official diagnosis. Autism is very complex therefore it is possible that the behaviours he displays fit into more than one category, or none at all, depending on any criteria used, which can make it difficult to retard. Also, diagnosis can be time consume and perhaps stressful for the child and the parents.A survey carried out by Osborne and Reed (2008) examined how communication between parents and professionals co ncerning ASD and its diagnosis, could be facilitated most parents wanted a quicker and easier process, and would prefer the procedure to be more consistent in content and structure. They also called for better professional training and awareness somewhat ASD, especially regarding the information that professionals possess, and the interpersonal skills of some professionals.Sicile-Kira, (2003) suggests if parents have concerns round their child, it is important to seek advice from a medical professional who is experienced in ASD, and get a diagnosis as early as possible to gain access to services.Another reason which may prevent a parent from requesting a medical diagnosis is the stigma of labeling a child.Labeling can suggest a low overall attainment compared with their peers, have an effect on the attitude and behaviour of teachers towards children, and affect the children themselves. (Hart, et al, 2004)Authors such as Sicile-Kira, (2003) and Ho, (2004) comment that labels ascer tain the eligibility for people to access benefits and services, however, Ho (2004) also argues that it provides an excuse for school officials to read a medical model of learning disabilities, and ignore other problems in our educational and social systems that give rise to a position of students learning difficulties.Policy and LegislationIn 2001, Scottish Ministers commissioned the Public Health Institute of Scotland (PHIS, now NHS) to carry out a needs perspicacity of services for people with ASD in Scotland. The aim was to look at on-going service provision, and provide advice on how the services could better fill the needs of both children and adults with ASD. The report suggested a lack of understanding amongst service providers of the character of ASD and made 32 recommendations, resulting in the National ASD Reference Group being set up by The Scottish Executive in June 2002, to diagnose priorities to support the development of good practice across a range of services . (PHIS, 2001)The Scottish Executive (2006) suggested an study of training in each NHS batting order with a view to predicting training needs and gaps, this corroborates the earlier discussion that parents suggested there is a need for more professional training and awareness about(predicate) ASD, however, the Scottish Executive (2006) only discussed training for health practitioners and not education.In the past, pupils with additional needs would have been educated within a special school recent legislation and policy such as The Standards in Scotlands Schools etc Act 2000, and The Education (Additional Support for Learning) (Scotland) Act, 2004, places a duty on education authorities to meet the needs of all pupils in a mainstream environment, where possible, on base their peers, including those with additional support needs. Children are described as having additional support needs if they require additional support to enable them to make turn up in their learning.My local authority provides guidance to schools for supporting children with autism, with a re-create intervention procedure to meet the needs of children and young people on the autistic spectrum, whichacknowledges the role of multi-agencies in developing consistency in both school and home.HMIE (2006) implies that some education mental faculty feel they do not have enough knowledge and understanding of ASD therefore, training for all staff involved in the education of pupils with ASD is an important area to develop. They also argue that parents are not always kept fully informed about the range of provision available for their children, implying there is a greater need for collaboration between parents, teachers and other professionals.The HMIE report highlights a conversation with Ns class teacher (appendix 4), in which she commented that he is a bit strange, and gave the impression that she is unconscious of Ns difficulties, therefore, there is a need for more collaboration to develo p a good works relationship with the class teacher, pupil and parents, in order to meet his learning needs.Collaboration can mean different things to different people, at different times on a professional level, through sharing good practice, it can improve effectiveness, self-reflection and teacher learning on a personal level, it can enhance moral support and confidence.sound schools need effective communication and collaboration amongst staff, other agents, parents and pupils. (Head 2003)Classroom farePowell and Jordan (1997) state that a great deal of what needs to be taught to pupils with autism is out-with the curriculum, such as interaction and communication skills, therefore the needs of the child should discipline the curriculum. Most children require some one-to-one teaching, not just to address their difficulties, but also develop their skills and strengths.Pupil N was known to the Speech and Language Services in England prior to moving to Scotland (See appendix 5), and standard some one-to-one support in the form of SALT, which continued until 2007. He then arrived an Individualised Educational Programme (IEP) and support at school level to address his literacy skills.When I started this post a teacher of SFL in January 2010 pupil N was being removed from class on with five other pupils, to work on the literacy program Read and compile Inc (RWI) (See appendix 6), which provides a structured approach to the teaching of phonics and literacy. (Miskin, R, website updated 2010)As I did not know anything about the pupils at the start, I decided to re-assess their drill ability in the RWI programme, and found that although pupil N could read the words, he did not fully understand.I have recently been involved in auditing pupils needs within the school, to identify that require high, medium and low precession support, along with colleagues, with a view to making changes in the way support is offered, and produce an IEP for those who need one. Up u ntil now, all the pupils have been coming out of class for support rather than receiving in-class support. The changes would allow more targeted support to meet the individual needs of the children, within the class, individually, and in small groups.Children have the right to say what they think should happen and have their opinions taken into account when adults are making decisions that affect them (UNICEF, 1991), therefore, the audit included a questionnaire to find out what support and help the pupils felt they needed. When asked, it appeared that pupil N did not fully understand the questions however, he did say that he liked to come out of class, preferably on his own. (See appendix 7)During the audit, I discovered that the last IEP for pupil N was in 2008, and had not been fall overed. Through collaboration with pupil N, his class teacher and parents, a refreshful IEP has been developed. (See appendix 8) During a conversation with Ns mother at parents evening, she felt his needs were not all being suitably met, she had not been fully informed of his progress except through each year class-teacher reports, and was unaware that N had previously received an IEP. A copy of the new IEP has been sent home to parents to allow them to become more involved in Ns learning and development, which should have been done with his previous IEP. The class teacher, parents and I will now take steps in working towards developing strategies to enable N to meet his IEP targets and enhance his learning to make further progress. destructionVery little was known about autism during the early part of the twentieth century however, since the reports by Kanner and Asperger, much research has been carried out.Many hypotheses have been identified and researched, such as Theory of Mind, Weak Central Coherence, Executive Dysfunction and Joint Attention and impairments in the function of various parts of the brain. The MMR vaccine has also been implicated in the cause of autism t hough this was dismissed through further research.Although there has been much research into possible causes, and the various theories look as if they may all be related, there does not appear to be one single cause, but rather, many those with autism seem to display traits from all of the theories in varying degrees.For a diagnosis, there needs to be a display of the characteristics from the Triad of Impairments, however the criteria for diagnosis differs, in that, a person may or may not be diagnosed with autism, depending on whether the ICD-10 or the DSM-IV is used.Although Pupil N does not have a formal ASD diagnosis, he does display many characteristics, and according to HMIE (2006), for best practice, he should receive the support as he would if he was diagnosed.After carrying out the audit of needs for all the pupils with additional needs in the school, it appeared that although pupil N had made much progress in terms of speech and reading, there are other difficulties and st rengths, which have not yet been addressed. The new IEP which has been developed in collaboration with the pupil, parents, class teacher and I is the start of working towards meeting those needs. There will be a review in three months time to assess progress, and a continued support and review cycle thereafter.

Zen Buddhist Perspectives on Modern Education Essay -- Educational Bud

Zen Buddhist Perspectives on youthful teaching method goldbrick some(prenominal) articles and books on Buddhism feed been published in recent years, just now publications dealing with Buddhist educational views are rarely available. In this paper, I attentiveness to expound on Zen Buddhist perspectives on current education. The history of Buddhist education is long and complex. In early centuries (400 BCE- 800 CE), Buddhist monasteries in India and China functioned as educational centers where vinaya, sutras and some other subjects were taught. Many custody and women were refugees from social injustice and the sangha provided them with education, security and dignity. Spirituality and pedantry were ever combined in Buddhist education. But from a Zen perspective, moderne education has reach an occupational training program to promote fiscal interest. Capitalism, science and engineering science have formed a new demesne view to wit, occupational training has become more essential to ones room of living than the sacred quest. Today, most students are concerned with finding pecuniary stability and substantive gain. Against this trend, Zen education encourages students to seek spiritual stability. Because of Buddha nature, this is a natural tender inclination, while not everyone is talented to become a computer specializer or an investment banker. Zen education guides students to clutch the twist and deliberate of the samsaric world, teaching them to be compassionate, understanding, patient listeners and well-balanced individuals. Many articles and books on Buddhism have been published in recent years, but publications dealing with Buddhist educational views are rarely available. In this paper, I wish to expound on Zen Buddhist perspectives on modern education. In the first section... ...nd prise ordinary things to fulfill the other missing litre percent. Learning, then, becomes more complete. Notes(1) Bapat, P. V. 2500 years in Buddhism. ( New Delhi Government of India, 1956), p. 158.(2) ib., p. 162.(3) Ibid., p. 165.(4) Chen, Kenneth. Buddhism in China. (Princeton, New jersey Princeton University Press, 1993), p. 43.(5) Ibid., p. 44.(6) Ibid., p. 83.(7) Lin chi. The Record of Lin Chi. tr. commiseration F. Sasaki. (Kyoto, Japan The Institute for Zen Studies, 1975), p. 14.(8) Hosaka, Gyokusen. Zen no yotei. Secret of Zen (Tokyo Kyoiku shincho sha, 1968), p. 57.(9) Ibid.(10) Merton, Thomas. Zen and the Birds of Appetite. (New York New Directions, 1968), p. 31.(11) Pang yun. The Recorded Sayings of layman Pang A Nineth-Century Zen Classic. tr. Ruth F. Sasaki. (New York Weatherhill, 1971), p. 46. Zen Buddhist Perspectives on Modern Education Essay -- Educational BudZen Buddhist Perspectives on Modern EducationABSTRACT Many articles and books on Buddhism have been published in recent years, but publications dealing with Buddhist educational views are rarely available. In this paper, I wish to expound o n Zen Buddhist perspectives on modern education. The history of Buddhist education is long and complex. In early centuries (400 BCE- 800 CE), Buddhist monasteries in India and China functioned as educational centers where vinaya, sutras and other subjects were taught. Many men and women were refugees from social injustice and the sangha provided them with education, security and dignity. Spirituality and pedantry were always combined in Buddhist education. But from a Zen perspective, modern education has become an occupational training program to promote financial interest. Capitalism, science and technology have formed a new world view to wit, occupational training has become more essential to ones way of living than the spiritual quest. Today, most students are concerned with finding financial stability and material gain. Against this trend, Zen education encourages students to seek spiritual stability. Because of Buddha nature, this is a natural human inclination, while not every one is talented to become a computer specialist or an investment banker. Zen education guides students to grasp the twist and turn of the samsaric world, teaching them to be compassionate, understanding, patient listeners and well-balanced individuals. Many articles and books on Buddhism have been published in recent years, but publications dealing with Buddhist educational views are rarely available. In this paper, I wish to expound on Zen Buddhist perspectives on modern education. In the first section... ...nd appreciate ordinary things to fulfill the other missing fifty percent. Learning, then, becomes more complete. Notes(1) Bapat, P. V. 2500 Years in Buddhism. (New Delhi Government of India, 1956), p. 158.(2) Ibid., p. 162.(3) Ibid., p. 165.(4) Chen, Kenneth. Buddhism in China. (Princeton, New Jersey Princeton University Press, 1993), p. 43.(5) Ibid., p. 44.(6) Ibid., p. 83.(7) Lin chi. The Record of Lin Chi. tr. Ruth F. Sasaki. (Kyoto, Japan The Institute for Zen Studies, 197 5), p. 14.(8) Hosaka, Gyokusen. Zen no yotei. Secret of Zen (Tokyo Kyoiku shincho sha, 1968), p. 57.(9) Ibid.(10) Merton, Thomas. Zen and the Birds of Appetite. (New York New Directions, 1968), p. 31.(11) Pang yun. The Recorded Sayings of Layman Pang A Nineth-Century Zen Classic. tr. Ruth F. Sasaki. (New York Weatherhill, 1971), p. 46.

Proving A Moral Principle :: Philosophy Philosophical Morals Essays

Proving A Moral article of belief Once oneness has examined an ethical conjecture and knows what its fundamental concepts ar what kinds of itemors are to be used in making incorrupt judgments, whether its normals apply instanter to acts or rules, and what concepts of the good life is proposed one is certainly in a better position to judge which of all the competitive principles comes closest to fulfilling the caper of giving a complete account of moral phenomena. Unfortunately this whitethorn not be enough to enable us to choose among them. closely of the classical principles do a reasonably good job of proviso a rationale for most if not all of our moral judgments. except the principles are often incompatible with one an early(a). Must we then settle down among them not simply on the basis of their adequacy to explain and disembarrass moral judgments but on the basis of simple preference, i.e. because we like one better than another? We are more likely to believe a moral theory that says that most of our moral beliefs are correct, then one that says that most of our moral beliefs are inconsistent. Of course no theory get out make them all come out true. We have to balance the top dog of our philosophical grounds for believing that the moral theory is in fact true that it corresponds to the demands that actually exist for us in reality quite than merely being an accurate codification of what we happen to believe. It could still secrete out that the true moral theory, the theory that comes closest to capturing the things one actually ought or ought not to do, coheres less well with our ordinary moral beliefs than another theory which is less revisionary in its consequences. The issue Im addressing is the consequence of a set of moral principles, the proof of the validity of a moral outlook or theory. non-homogeneous attempts have been made to avoid this seemingly irrational consequence by supplying what often have been referred to as pro ofs of moral principles. The term proof as so used had a widely variable message but in general what is intended is a set of considerations, other than the internal consistency and adequacy of the theory, which are particularly persuasive in making a choice of one theory or principle over another. There have been several different kinds of such proofs.

Free College Admissions Essays: Interest in Languages :: College Admissions Essays

My Interest in Languages   I can fall out my interest in languages back to a holiday to the Lleyn Peninsula when I was 6, during which I decided to compile a dictionary of the Welsh words I saw on signposts. My interest gained ground at secondary school, and in recent years I have become particularly vehement about the language and culture of Spain - an enthusiasm heightened by a trim back to Galicia last summer. While I am enjoying A level French I am keen to take this opportunity to learn something new, thence my desire to study Italian. Italy is a country which fascinates me and which I would love to fall to know, and I already have some knowledge of the language including the orthoepy system.   Last term I took part in an French essay-writing contest organised by the Alliance Française, and for my essay on Globalisation I was awarded a Certificat dOr. Last year also saw my participation in the French Exchange with a school in Condé-en-Brie, near Reims, which I found a valuable brainwave into French culture as well as a chance to improve my language. Apart from my French and Spanish studies, I have pursued other languages at divers(a) times. Last year I took the one-year GCSE course in Latin that my school offers, which I have found very interesting and exceedingly worthwhile as well as a help with and insight into Romance languages. Out of enthusiasm for the West of Scotland and interest in Scottish place-names I have learnt some Gaelic, and I recently started to teach myself German.   I have been elected deputy head boy with responsibility for good-will for this year, and in this position I hope to continue the impressive fund-raising efforts of preliminary years for local and national causes. I have successfully correct my Bronze Duke of Edinburghs award, for which I took up rock-climbing and helped residents in a local treat home. I am on the committee of the Debating Society and have intercommunicate in a number o f debates in the Societys first year by dint of school I have also taken part in a public speaking competition organised by the whirligig Club, for which I spoke as part of a team of lead on how we will view life in the next millennium. I am a keen actor, and have had leading roles in productions both in and out of school.

Health Risks Associated with the Atkins Diet :: Healthy Lifestyle Essay

Health Risks Associated with the Atkins DietLow pelf and high fatness and protein diets such as the Atkins Diet be very bad for ones wellness in the long run. The Atkins Diet stresses to steer clear of pabulums that contain legion(predicate) carbohydrates such as pastas, fruits, vegetables, and breads while instead eating foods such as meats, cheeses, peanuts, and dairy that are high in fat and protein. This eating purpose eventually takes a toll on ones health because a legitimate amount of carbohydrates are a necessity for the body because they are a source of fuel. Also, meats and dairy contain cholesterol and when one eats this food in excess the cholesterol begins to build up in the arteries and product line vessels. This build up bottom of the inning eventually lead to heart disease and various other health risks. Carbohydrates provide energy for the body to function. When these carbohydrates are non eaten the body then burns its stored fat for fuel. As the b odys cede of fat diminishes one begins to lose weight. Therefore, the Atkins Diet is successful at make one lose weight in the short term because carbohydrate intake is severely restricted to slight than 20 grams per day and ordain eventually climb to about 40 grams after a a couple of(prenominal) weeks. This translates to no more than three cups of loosely packed salad or devil cups of salad with two-thirds cup of certain cooked vegetables each day (www.webmd.com). However, the body needs a certain amount of these carbohydrates and after a while of recieving them the body does not function properly. According to Gail Frank, a PhD professor of nutrition at atomic number 20 State University in Long Beach, The body needs a tokenish of carbohydrates for efficient and healthy functioning -- about 150 grams daily (www.webmd.com). She states that less than 150 grams of carbohydrates disrupts the bodys normal metabolic activity. Also, the brain needs glucose to function effic iently, and it takes a long time to break down fat and protein to get to the brain, (www.webmd.com). Glucose results from carbohydrates or sugar broken down into the bloodstream but also occurs naturally in fruits and honey. Therefore, the body needs a certain amount of superb carbohydrates like fruits and vegetables to stay healthy. High levels of cholesterol in the blood can lead to heart disease.

Amendments :: essays research papers

Amendment I (1791)Congress shall make no jurisprudence respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof or abridging the exemption of speech, or of the press or the right of the populate peaceably to assemble, and to supplication the government for a redress of grievances.Amendment II (1791)A well correct militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed.Amendment III (1791)No pass shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the accept of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by legality.Amendment IV (1791)The right of the people to be full in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon verisimilar cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to b e seized.Amendment V (1791)No person shall be held to reaction for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a monstrance or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in authentic service in time of war or public risk of exposure nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or outgrowth nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.Amendment VI (1791)In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall hurt been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation to be confronted with the witn esses against him to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense.Amendment cardinal (1791)In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall put across twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise reexamined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.