The pest control repeller

The pest control repellerCHAPTER 1 IntroductionThe expletive insure Repeller is a invention knowing to eliminate undesired animals to be appe bed in our residential bea. These undesired animals atomic number 18 much(prenominal) as rodents, bats and rase damns manage cast down. Rodents appear in the ho manipulation non only course coat to hygienes problem, but besides do hurt to the properties they bite clothes and furniture that reside in the ho expend. quivers, on the just about separate hand produce excrements on the hood which may jeopardize the health of the residents stay inside the ho engagement, they homogeneously feature dissonances during night clock m and affect residents to sleep. by from rodents and bats, birds same(p) swallow which the amount has make ups dramatically recently has to a fault causes problem to the residents in a residential argona. The great profit and demand of the bird live in the market has attracted more than and mo re volume to invest in this business. few of the nest resurrecting crimson built up illegally in a residential atomic number 18a. This indirectly causes opposite side effects much(prenominal) as hygiene problem, levelheaded pollution and damage to the property. too, it was likewise imbed that thither be more than 60 varied transmissible diseases sire been associated with birds and their feces. Droppings greet m singley, both in the daily cleaning knead and in lost of business from customers who prefer a dropping-free environment 1. With the earthly concern of plague Control Repeller, the problem mentioned trick be solved tardily without cause negative side effect to the gracious. In this chapter, there give be a short introduction regarding to the impersonals and overview of this bear.1.1 ObjectiveThe main mark of the project is to be after and construct a pest Control Repeller which go out produce the following fundamental features Able to gene tail e nde a digital harassment buy the farm which go forth drive away whatsoever selected animals much(prenominal) as rodents, bats and birds.Able to implement the device in a freehanded coverage bea.Upon successful performance of these fundamental features, enhancements argon added to the device for better efficiency and po hug drugtiality, this include causing the minimum effects to the gracious during the operating room of the device. Besides, the pesterer Control Repeller is intentional to produces an intermittent sound so that the undesired animals would non fix use to the repetitious sound. The developed production also base be utilise in a large and open outdoor ara as well, much(prenominal) as infra the bridge or on the telecommuni spewion towers. This is because cliff swallows oft colonise these grammatical constructions and their nests tail assemblynot be disturbed until the nesting sequence has passed. As Swallows and their nests argon fully saved in fra the Wildlife Protection Ordinance 1990 in Malaysia and it is unethical to destroy the nest of a swallow, maintenance and repairing process is force to delay to separate stopovers where swallows have migrated to separate places. In a nutshell, the designed pestis Control Repeller is having the objective to suffice kind be in driving these annoying animals away from causing bad sleeping condition, properties damage, health and safety hazards.1.3 Project OverviewBasically, the Pest Control Repeller is categorized into three study ladders, which ar rodent dirty, bat arch and bird repellent. These functions be then further classified into three diametric modes where in the first mode only the rodent and bat repellent are pioneer, for the second mode, the rodent and bat repellent are emotional together with the bird repellent, where the bird repellent get out only be triggered if the sensor is activated. Whereas for the third mode, the rodent and bat repellent are a ctivated together with bird repellent and control by manual operation of a user. All of the operations are controlled by a microcontroller named scene16F877A the exposure microcontroller generates a series of pulses with different frequencies to drive away certain undesired animals. The series of pulses are formed by a specialized layover of square wave with alternating luxuriously gear and low condition, by variable the period of this square wave, the desired frequency for the Pest Control Repeller bay window be achieved. The PIC microcontroller apply in the Pest Control Repeller also acts as a media to receive signal from PIR sensor which is later to be processed and produces the respective output signal to trigger the tweeter and stroboscope light kindling. Besides, the PIC microcontroller also functions to send an output signal to trigger the servo beat back which is mounted under the tweeter. Last but not least, the PIC microcontroller also used to produces the al phanumerical character which leave be shown on the LCD.The specific frequency signals produced by the PIC Microcontroller are sending to the amplifiers prior to the tweeters. An amplifier is a device for change magnitude the power of a signal by victorious energy from a power supply and controlling the output to satisfy the input signal shape but with larger amplitude. In the designed Pest Control Repeller, a Class B amplifier is used for amplifying the different frequency signal. Class B amplifier circuits are the approximately general design type show in the audio power amplifiers. The amplified frequency signals are then send to the respective tweeter to produce the specific frequency sound wave for the pest repelling calculate. Apart from the frequency sound waves generated, the Pest Control Repeller potentiometer trigger a functioning strobe light and wink super LED when a pest is detected at bottom the device operating vomit. A LCD display of 216 characters is used in the project to display the operating modes. Besides, the LCD display also shows the total of pest detected within a certain period this function allows a user to make a statistic to measure the tellingness of the Pest Control Repeller installed in an area.1.4 Project Scope and MethodologyThis project is a combination of life-threateningware image with software implementation. In the hardware persona construction, Express SCH and Express PCB are used for the designation purpose. Express SCH is used to draw a schematic diagram which represents the electrical component used in the Pest Control Repeller ashes by using in writing(p) symbols rather than realistic pictures. Whereas, Express PCB is used to design the electrical semiconducting pathways from copper sheets laminated onto a non-conductive substrate which go out then mechanically go for and electrically connect all the electronic components require in the Pest Control Repeller schema. For the software implementatio n, MPLAB which serves as a single, unified graphical user interface for C course of studyming is used to program the require cultivation into the PIC microcontroller, PICKit 2, which has been an interesting PIC programmer from Microchip, can be use to program the PIC microcontroller.During the designation of hardware prototype, electronic components and device are chosen base on their cost and effectiveness to ensure that the functionality of the Pest Control Repeller to be optimized at the lowest cost. after the components and devices selection are finalized, a primary configuration of the selected components are through on a bread board, runing and debugging process are then performed to ensure the functionality. After ensuring the functionality, the circuit layout is printed on a PCB and the components are soldered on the respective position, the implementation of circuit on a PCB growing the effectiveness of the circuit and unfluctuatingen the chance of errors to occur.Aft er the hardware fabrication, a program is written to proves and calibrates the prototype to make it functions in a precise and accurate mode. At the polish stage of project, debugging process is carrying out to alter and correct the errors. Debugging is a organized procedure of finding and reducing the number of bugs, or defects in an electronic hardware to make it behave as expected 2. Debugging is very prison term consuming since it detects and corrects the errors instead of merely writing a program. Debugging process testament take longer time if the program is written in an unseemly way. Thus, following the ballpark established rules and practised practice when writing a program forget greatly reduce the time use in debugging process. More attention is requisite when writing a program to make the sub strategys independent of distributively opposite this is because debugging tends to be harder when different sub formations are tightly coupled, and changes in one subs ystem may cause errors to emerge in another(prenominal) subsystem.1.5 Thesis OverviewThe report is divided into 6 chapters where Chapter 1 is a mere(a) introduction that includes with the objective, project overview, project scope and methodology.The report is then followed by Chapter 2, where the theoretical background for this project is discussed in inside information, such as the animals carriage and effect of digital harassment sound to these animals. Literature review of similar project and improvement of these projects lead also be discussed in further.In Chapter 3, the hardware prototype of the components and devices selected are discussed in details. A comparison in the midst of similar components and devices is also made to achieve a better effectiveness system at a lower cost. Besides, the function of the selected components and device allow be elaborated for better understanding.For Chapter 4, the process in software evolution is discussed. Flow chart for the progr ams is shown and explained in details. Besides, software and tools used in the program writing is described for a better understanding. Presentation of data and intelligence are combined in chapter 5 where the interpretation of data collect is discussed. Besides, the problems encountered during conducting the project in both hardware and software also will be elaborate in details.Lastly, conclusion ends the report by providing a summary to the content in the report. It indicates significance, advantages and limitations of the work. The applications of the project and recommendations for future work are included for further reference.Chapter 2 Theoretical Background and Literature come offIn this chapter, there will be an introduction to the background of the pests and study issues caused by these pests. Products and techniques used by people in repelling the pests also will be discussed. Their advantages and limitation are being investigated in details so that a comparison can b e made amidst these techniques to further implement the project. Besides, the benefits of the project after the implementation also will be discussed in the last part of this chapter.2.1 Classical Animal appearance2.1.1 Birds Birds play an important role in balancing the ecology by controlling the number of insects and pests in a feature area. However the increasing amounts of birds in a particular area will get hold of up problems to the residents, this problems are such as hygienes problem, sound pollution, damage to the property and withal ecological imbalance. This problem has becomes satisfying recently when more and more people start to invest in swallow nest farming ascribable to its great profit in the market. Swallows are categorized as social bird species, they tend to breed and build nest at a particular area together. This characteristic has made them become a bane for the residents when they breed in a residential area. The problem even becomes worsened when th e Cliff Swallows build their nest at telecommunication tower and humanity construction such as bridge and highway structure. As declared by Jaclyn S.C et al, Cliff swallows (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota) are migratory birds that breed in colonies and frequently nest on highway structures 3. According to Wildlife Protection Ordinance 1990 in Malaysia, this migrated swallows are consider as endanger species and fully protected under either circumstances. This causes the construction and maintenance process cannot be performed during the nesting season and indirectly leads to economic lost. Besides, it was also launch that the excrements of birds like pigeon are the carrier of around foreboding(a) diseases. Coghlan (1990) in his article named Pigeons, Pests and quite a little refers birds asrats with wings for the speed of them which can affect an area and transmit diseased spores through their excrements. Diseases such as Toxoplasmosis, Listeriosis, Viral Meningitis, Encephalitis, Salmonella and Paratyphoid are readily spread in places of high pigeon population payable to the amount of droppings produced 4. Apart from causing fatal diseases to valet de chambre, the excrements of birds will also bring down the aesthetic value of buildings due to the large amounts of droppings from the bird habitation and added noise made during the premature hours of the morning. Moreover, research also found that bird causes more damage to farms and orchards than any other creature. Each year birds destroy crops and bring important economic damage to the farmers. For these reasons, humans have been trying to deter birds from building, creation structure and farm with devices such as scarecrows which were first used in 1592.2.1.2 RatsRats are categorized under the rodent family they cause problems to mankind since decades ago. Rats are found to be an amazing climber on the roof and have good assureing compared to many species. However, rats are colour blind and have un foresightful vision, this causes them have to play their eyesight from side to side in arrange to see better. Rats are found to be a threat for mankind due to their strong vitality and fast fertility. A female rat is only pregnant for more or less three weeks, yet they can give extradite to 12 babies in one time. Though the hairless babies way very weak, they grow up in a very fast rate and can be independent from their mother in about a month. The average female rat can give birth for 4 to 6 times a year 95. So it is not surprise when they cause damages to the properties in a short period of time. Rats bite everything they see in the post, this is because they need to grind their teeth from preventing the emersion of the sharp teeth and injured themselves. This causes great damage to the properties especially for high-ticket(prenominal) electrical. Rats are found to be the carrier of just about fatal diseases they are the primary carriers of Murine typhus, Leptospirosis, T richinosis, salmonella, Ratbite fever and plague 95. The disease caused by rats can spread in a fast rate and very hard to control in a short period of time. Humans are infected by these diseases when they come into contact with food or urine which contains the urine of the infected rats. Besides the disease may also be infected to humans when they are bite by a rat. The symptoms of these diseases are fever, flu and soon will soon develop into liver stroke or meningitis. Plague is a rat disease spread to mankind by a cast rats fleas or contact with a sick rats bodily secretions. Various kinds of plague can attack the lymph glands, blood and lungs of a human. The Black Death which caused by rats plague was one of the deadliest pandemics in human history, peaking in Europe between 1348 and 1350. The Black Death is estimated to have veiled 30% to 60% of Europes population, reducing the worlds population from an estimated 450million to between 350 and 375million in 1400. It took 150 years for Europes population to deduct 94. Apart from this, rats also causes damage to the factory farm crops, they consume the fruits and crop, such as coconut, cocoa and so forth 93.2.1.3 BatsBats are having the very(prenominal) behavior with migrated birds such as swallows they usually breed in season and nest in the roof for a period of about tetrad to five months of the year. Same like a bird, bats also bring problems to mankind especially when the quantity is significant. Bats stay in the roof causes sound pollution to the resident stay inside the house, the problem of noise can occurs occasionally and this is always the main problems that caused by the bats. The problem even becomes worse when they stay on the roof of a bedroom. Besides, it was found that approximately bats have been detected with a rabies-like virus named European Bat Lyssavirus, although this virus is not serious, but it will infects human when a human is bite by the infected bats. Sometimes bats that fly around a building can trigger on a highwayman alarums, including those that use passive infrared motion detector, light beams, microwave or unhearable detectors. Last but not least, bats also causes damage to the agriculture crops like birds, some(prenominal) species of the bats will consume fruits and agriculture crops that planted in a farm.2.2 Literature ReviewThe purpose of the project is to design a Pest Control Repeller system that is effective in repelling the undesired animals to be appeared in the residential area as well as outdoor area such as worldly concern structure. In order to achieve the objectives stated, a study is conducted to examine the cost and effectiveness of the available existing products. The advantages and limitations of these existing products are taken into friendliness and the most effective criteria of the system will be selected and combined with other advantages in order to construct a more effective Pest Control Repeller. 2.2.1 Bird R epellerTypically, the types of bird repeller are classified into 4 major classes there are visual system, audio system, light system and chemic system. Apart from the 4 major classes, there are also other bird repelling techniques like habitat modification, electric track system and so forth. Each of the repeller system will be studied and their advantages and limitations are being reviewed.Visual bird repeller is a visual object that is designed to represent a predator to surrounding birds as either a human or a larger bird 99. Normally, the most common items used in the visual bird repeller system are scarecrows, kites and even corpses of birds. A scarecrow is a physical human-like mannequin which dressed in human attire and place in the farm for deter birds like crows from disturbing and consuming the fruits in the farm. Apart from this, it was also found that any species of bird are naturally afraid of predators such as birds of prey. deal Kites are then designed to fly in the sky for rampart from the birds infringement. The use of model or actual dead birds in the farm also target to illustrate the signal of danger to other birds. At first, birds will approach the corpse out of curiosity but usually they leave it when they see the unnatural position of the bird. This approach has been widely used in the airport to deter sea gull from approaching the flying area. Despite of low cost and common used of the visual systems, it was found that they are in efficacious in driving the birds away, especially after a long term of period. Once the birds in the surrounding area suck in that there is no danger of the visual system, they start to approach the particular area and soon the visual system becomes useless. As a conclusion, most visual deterrents system is found to be efficient within a short term of period it is recommended that this device is used in connection with other device or techniques to be successful for a significant period of time.The aud io deterrent system is found to be the most common device that use widely around the world. The audio bird repeller system functions by emitting sounds that will cause stress to the birds. These sounds are such as distress sound recorded from the birds, noises that are hearable to the birds, or even loud whop with decibel more than 150dB, this loud bang with decibel of 150dB can be produced from a propane cannons, or also referred as propane gas gun which is controlled by a controller or a motion detector. But, the problem with this gas gun is that the loud and irritating sound may disturb the resident living in the nearby area. Besides, birds will also adapt quickly to the sound which has the same magnitude, pitch and time interval all the time. Propane cannons become ineffective after a period. Apart from this, it was also found that supersonic devices are used by some of the people in repelling birds from their residential area. An ultrasonic device can emits ultrasonic sound ra nge above 22 KHz, which the frequency is not audible by human being, thus many of the manufacturers claimed that the device is worthy for home use since it is inaudible to human. Despite of the superior features returnd by this system, there is no evidence shows that ultrasonic devices are capable to drive birds away, and there are plenty of studies show that most species of birds are having the same audible frequency range as human, but do not hear the frequencies above 20kHz. This is the reason why human can hears bird chirping mundane in the morning. Therefore ultrasonic systems are ineffective in deterring birds and should be avoided. Compared to the devil methods mentioned above, bio-acoustic devices are found to be the most popular and efficient device among the audio deterrent systems. Bio-Acoustic deterrents are devices that transmit biological significant sounds such as bird alarm and distress calls 99. In nature, birds use alarm calls when they perceive danger, whilst d istress calls are used when birds are captured, hushed or injured, each call is species specific, however some distress and alarm calls are known to get a response from other species 98. Besides from using distress call from birds, noises with vary frequencies may also be used as the audio deterrent system. The light deterrent system is widely used in the airport for bird repelling purpose this system can be classified into strobe light system and laser light system. For strobe light bird deterrent, a rotating or flashing search light is used to stimulus the visual of a bird and causes an unwanted situation for them. Although a static light in the night may attract birds to approach the particular area, a flashing one, however will causes confusion to them and thus achieve the purpose in repelling birds. Studies conducted on light systems have shown that high loudness strobe lights caused birds to take evasive action and move away from some air domains. In the same study it was fo und that a randomized selection of cardinal strobe frequencies increased the effectiveness over a range of species and that the strobes halt all bird habitation 99. The laser light system, on the other hand also represents a well-established method in deterring birds. Diode laser is ideal for bird repelling because of many of its advantages, such as grim size, lower power expending and lower cost 96. Although the laser repelling system is efficient in drive away the birds, but the equipments needed are expensive. And also, the effectiveness of the lasers are found to be decreased with the increase of light levels, therefore, this repelling method is suitable to use during night time or at a place which is not cover by sunlight. Chemical deterrent system drive birds away by causing an unwanted living environment for birds or by drink downing them in a direct way by using poison. For the first method, chemical substance is placed at the habitat of birds to make them timber stin king or causes irritation to them. This can be in the form of haptic or in the form of odor. After a period of time, these birds will find that the place is not suitable for habitation or nesting and will soon move to another habitat. For the second method, poison is used to kill the birds from nesting in a particular area and scare away other birds in the same habitat. However, both of the methods are found to be ineffectual for a long term period and may lead to other environmental issue. Therefore, the chemical deterrent system is not encouraged to be used in repelling birds either in a ambuscadeping area or at outside an outdoor area.There are many more other repelling techniques being implement throughout the world, such as habitat modification, electric track, water sprayer and so forth. For habitat modification technique, Spikes deterrents made of strips of plastic or metal with upwardly pointing stainless steel or plastic spikes can be link up to ledges of buildings 99 . Besides, habitat modification for bird deterrent also often involves in eliminating the roosting or nesting locations of birds. For example, in the control of cliff swallow at public structure like bridge, the habitat of interest is the nesting location. Cliff swallows prefer a nesting place with rough and unrougeed surfaces. So, modification can be done based on these criteria, such as anti-perching spines, smooth strips mounted at an angle of at least 45 degree, panels of glass, sheet metal, or paint to create a surface unfavorable for cliff swallow nesting 3.An rating had been carry out by Timothy L.C. in his report named An autonomous Bird Deterrent System to quantify the effectiveness of these deterrent system based on their cost, physical requirements, stealth, automation ability and area covered. A ranked positional method was used in the evaluation with each category being weighted out of a total of ten points by its importance and then a rating being abandoned under e ach category out of five for each person deterrent. In the result shown below, it was found that the light deterrent system is having the highest place compared to other system with laser deterrent represent the most effective repeller. The ranking is then followed by the audio deterrent system.2.2.2 Mouse RepellerTypically, People use cower trap to catch mouse appears in the house, however, it is not the efficient way to repel them away if the quantity is significant, since the mouse trap only can trick them for once but not for a long term period. Mouse poison, on the other hand, also use widely by people in controlling the undesired mouse. Poisons full treatment fine in killing mouse since it plays to what a mouse is scrutinizing for, such as food and water. There are two types of mouse poison available in the market with the first type are having the immediate reaction and the second type that takes effect after some time. However, both kinds of poisons contain fatal elemen ts such as warfarin, diphacinone, pival, chlorophacinone, or fumarin. Besides, chemical substances also used to drive mouse away by causing them an unwanted situation in their habitat. These chemical substances will make them feel offensive or irritating and soon they will leave the habitat due to the unpleasant living environment. In the farm or some agriculture land, predators are used by the farmer to reduce the consumption of agriculture crops by mouse and thus repelling them away. Predators are one of natures methods in control and repel mouse away from the farm. There are many native and domestic predators that feed on rat and mouse, such as snake, owl, hawk and so forth, it was found that hawk and owl parents kill many more rodents when they are feeding their hungry broods 92. Domestic cats, dogs, and ferrets help in controlling and repelling rodents in some situations. In general, dogs and cats are the most effective predator at preventing an infestation than eliminating a flow population. This is because they are better able to catch and kill an invading rodent that does not know any escape routes, than an established animal that knows various escape points 92.Recently, the ultrasonic mouse repeller has becomes popular for home use application. These ultrasonic mouse repellers are selling like hot cake in the market due to their advantages compared to other traditional repellers. It is well know that pests such as rats and mouse are repelled by ultrasonic frequency in the range of 30 kHz to 50 kHz. An inaudible mouse repeller utilizes go on state of the art technology and functions by transmitting an influential range of ultrasonic sound in the frequency of 45 KHz. The intermittent, high intensity frequencies and pulse sequences were created to output at known hearing sensitivity ranges of pests, such as rat and mouse. It was found that rodents, like mouse or rat, will leave the environment where the ultrasonic device is installed for a less disag reeable area. These sound wave frequencies are inaudible to humans and pets like cat and dog 91. A research named Efficacy Test Protocols for Evaluation of Ultrasonic Rodent Repellent was conducted by Stephen A. Schumake et al. from Denver Wildlife Research Center in examining the efficiency of the ultrasonic device. In the test mentioned, controlled laboratory and field test protocols were developed to assess the repellent efficacies of six commercially manufactured ultrasonic rodent repellent devices. The laboratory test structure (68.7 sq m) was divided into two rooms (32.5 sq m each) with a central harborage area (3.5 sq m) containing a colony of 12 wild Norway rats (Rattus orvegicus). For each test, an ultrasonic device was given to the end of one room and rat activity (oat consumption, packet damage, magic eye counts) is measured during 1-week baseline and 2-1/2-week test periods. Field test structures varied in floor area (6.5 to 197 sq m) and were either made by metal or wo od construction. All contained existing Norway rat, house mouse (Mus musculus), or field mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) infestations. No other rodent control techniques were conducted at these sites other than the application of selected ultrasonic devices. Rodent activities (packet damage, food consumption, rodent tracks) were measured twice per week during three successive 3-week intervals with devices operating only during the second interval. tell measurement of variance and chi square were used to statistically evaluate the reliability of ultrasound effects. In the end of the test rodents under test could either leave the buildings or move to alternate non-ultrasonically treated areas in all the cases stated 90. Apart from that, light system or strobe light may also repel the mouse away from the house since rodent families prefer a darker living environment and they usually move in darkness. As a conclusion, an ultrasonic mouse repeller works more efficient and better compare d to other repelling method. The use of poison which causes the closing of the mouse may lead to environmental issue when a predator or a pet consume the death mouse. Additionally, neither traps nor poisons provide a long-term solution mouse will simply increase breeding to replace rodents lost to poisons or traps.2.2.3 Bats RepellerThe generally sure method to prevent bats from invasion is exclusion by clear or trapping. Netting and trapping, however, has resulted in the occasional inadvertent killing of bats. sympathetic to bird and mouses repelling cases chemical repellent is also used by people in repelling bats. Naphthalene (crystals or flakes) is the only registered chemical which can be used as a bat repellent for interior roosts. Naphthalene should be spread on the floor or applied between the walls, using about 2.3 kg (5 lb) for every 60 m (2,000 ft) which should be adequate to treat an average attic 89.Light illumination, on the other hand also shows a better effect i n repelling the bats away from the house. This is because bats need a aristocratic place for habitation during day time. This characteristic of bats makes them easily get repelled by a strong flashing light or strobe light. Last but not least, an ultrasonic device also being used by people in repelling bats. It is believed that the ultrasonic high frequency sound waves can interfere the bats ability to aviate and causing confusion to them. It was evident to shows that an ultrasonic bats repeller did agitate, confuse and fuddle the bats causing them to fly more erratically and to relocate away from the device 89. As a conclusion, light illumination and ultrasonic devices are found to be an efficient wa