The Gathering by Isobelle Carmody Essay Example for Free

The Gathering by Isobelle Carmody demonstrateThe Gathering by Isobelle Carmody portrays the low side of human nature. It shows that mans behaviour does not vary only over foresighted periods of time and across different cultures. It shows that each and e really single psyche has an evil or disgraceful side to them and it is whether they succumb to this evil or follow the paths of light and fullness that decide what kind of person they are.Cheshunt, where the story is set appears to be a fairly normal town. When Nathanial and his mother arrive, Nathanial instinctively knows that something is not instead right. Nathanial is there for a reason. He and the other members of The Chain must learn the power of friendship to licking the evil Kraken.The dark side of human nature is seen in many characters Cheshunts headmaster Mr Karle is a genuinely evil person. Although Mr Karles only role in the community is Deputy Principal of Three North, he has manipulated those who do hav e a major role in the community into making himself the main power over all Cheshunt. His goal is to become the ruler of the world, starting with Cheshunt. To make sure that The Chain does not whip him, Mr Karle defeats one member at a time. Mr Karle portrays the dark side of human nature he has deliver the goods power that he then functions to control all those around him. He has become corrupted by this power and with it he is able to manipulate the other characters to perform vicious acts.Mr Karle taunts and mocks in an attempt to emotionally destroy those around him he takes pleasure in others emotional put out. He subjects distress in Nathanial when he tells him of his cold hearted breed who was Insanely jealous. Unstable. Violent (page 263) and how Nathanials mother learnt not to speak to anyone or smile in fear of what his father would do to her. When Mr Karle reminds Indian that his sister is brain damaged because of Indians own mistakes he does this cognise the he artache this will cause. He mocks Nissa calling her unfeminine and unattractive and how no one could love much(prenominal) a creature except out of pity (page 246). Mr Karle defeats one character at a time. He is physically cruel and used force to hurt them. Mr Karle embodies all that is the dark side of human nature, he is cruel bothemotionally and physically Then the Kraken stepped forward and slapped her across the face. A trickle of dark blood ran from the corner of her emit (page 249). He is corrupted by power, he is manipulative and in all this he takes pleasure. He is a true sadist.The dark side in human nature is excessively portrayed in many of the other characters, this is evidenced in Buddha Isobelle Carmody has used the name Buddha that represents peace and symme interpret and made him a killer. He burns Nathanials dog, The Tod, who is Nathanials only true friend and Nathanial loves. The match landed in his tail and flames swept forward up over him. Devoured him. He arched and coiled, yelping in pain and fright, and then he screamed, a long inhuman howl of agony and terror.(page 214). When Buddha burns The Tod it is a vicious, cowardly act and is evidence of how dark mans nature can be, that he can murder a poor, defenseless creature that is incapable of fighting back, also that the act was carried out in front of Nathanial to cause him immense grief and feelings of powerlessness. What is even more disturbing is that this is such a real act that could go past in our everyday life.How the tribe who are in a position to protect us and how they use this authority in a destructive way is also shown. The police, who are supposed to be good and honest are corrupt and evil. They protect the evil leaders and enforce their rectitude, The pamphlet stuck under the doorway the day we arrived had welcomed us to the neighbourhood and urged my mother to join the Community Committee. It had a lot of by law information and the bit about the curfew was last . It said no one was to be out in the streets after(prenominal) ten at night without a specific reason. (page 20). The police either stood aside and let the people of Cheshunt be intimidated and bullied or were doing the intimidating and bullying themselves.Seth is a part of the chain that is required to defeat the evil but Seth has given in to his dark side. He has a very weak character. Despite Seth being a brain (page 10), looking like one of those everlasting(a) guys off Coke ads (page 10) and coming from a good family, His father is a policeman (page 55) he is pathetic. He is sneaky and drinks alcohol to escape facingreality. He cant deal with his own problems (his parents are separate and he cant deal with being in the Chain and the effort it takes to defy Mr Karle) and uses his weaknesses as an warrant to attempt to commit suicide, Seth lay on his back between them, his face dead white. (page 142) He breaks promises You promised, Nissa said icily. (page 138). He also be trays those around him Mr Karle gave Nissa a radiant smile. Got him? But you misunderstand, Nissa. I didnt get Seth. He came to us. (page 250).Nathanials father is a character who shows that mans dark side does not vary over long periods of time. Nathanials father was a violent jealous man who liked to have complete control over everything. He was jealous of Nathanial and the attention he got from his mother, especially when Nathanial was a baby I had to sometimes hold your mouth to stop the crying (page 264). Mans darkest nature was shown when his father attempted to kill Nathanial, Children should be seen and not heard, he said, and his galactic hands closed around my neck. And squeezed. (page 247). This is absolute evidence of innate evil that a father could try to murder his own son.In conclusion, The Gathering shows us the dark side of human nature and it is vividly portrayed. It has a realness that shows that evil is present in the past and in the future and is occurring rig ht now, in all parts of our life. It shows that power can corrupt you and consume you absolutely. It also shows us that cruelty, deceit, jealousy and use are just some of the many ways evil can be shown.

Aristotles Conception of Happiness Essay Example for Free

Aristotles Conception of Happiness EssayAccording to Aristotle, only a virtuous somebody preserve be truly happy. He doesnt say we should aim at bliss, only sooner that we do aim at happiness. Everyone wants to be happy and provoke happiness in his or her manners, but people do non know how to go about this. If one lives in accordance with enamor virtues then he or she will achieve this happiness. However, what is happiness? Most people imply happiness as a physical pleasure or honor, so they do things they presuppose is good. They think things desire money, pleasure, and honor will bring them closer to happiness, but these things do not equal happiness.People think that theses things will bring them happiness, but that is because they do not know what happiness genuinely is. These things are a mean towards obtaining happiness. Happiness is the fulfilling of human function, or the activity of the soul according to virtue. Happiness comes from the Greek rule book euda imonia, which is fulfillment and success to the highest form of happiness. It is the central purpose of human life and a goal in itself. Aristotle says that every action seeks some good and every action seeks an end. Everyone is seeking the highest end, or the complete end, which is lastly happiness.If someone wants to achieve happiness, they must first be a virtues person, or a good person. A virtue is achieved by maintaining the mean, or balance between two excesses. But it is not enough to think about doing the right thing or even intending to do it one must actually have to do it. In order to understand what is good, we must know that there are three types of life (1) Pleasure, according to the ignorant and vulgar (2) Honor, according to the people who think happiness is doing well or animation well and (3) Study.The men who choose pleasure put pursuing a life of enjoyment in a higher place all else. And the men who choose honor wanted to be praised for the things they have do ne, so they are really only doing these acts for selfish reasons. And finally the men who choose study do it for their own sake of macrocosm to gain knowledge for themselves. Aristotle explains these three types of lives because we can now dismiss them as not being considered good. These views controvert the idea of good and thus support the idea of happiness being the universal good. Yet, happiness is not instantaneous.It must be achieved over time. Aristotle argues Are we, then, to call no man happy as extensive as he lives, but to wait for end, as Solon said? And supposing we have to allow this, do we mean that he actually is happy after he is dead? (Aristotle 23) In other words, can a man be called happy during his life? Or do we have to wait until he has passed to determine whether or not he had lived a happy life? Aristotle believes that happiness consists of achieving though the caterpillar track of a lifetime in all goods, such as health, wealth, knowledge, friends, e tc.These goods are also cognize as external goods and one needs these externals goods to be happy. Aristotle states, For a man is not very presumable to be happy if he is very ugly in person, or of low birth, or alone in the humanness, or childless, and perhaps still less if he has worthless children or friends, or has mixed-up goods ones that he had. (Aristotle 21) Aristotles conception of happiness supports the view of only the virtuous person can be said to be truly happy. Happiness is believed to be the most desirable thing in the world (Aristotle 14).

Witness essay Essay Example for Free

spectator essay EssayHENRY LAWSON-Many composers have been successful in using distinctly visual elements to create a particular image to reveal their own vision of the world. Henry Lawson is able to stage his image that career in the bush is not romantic. One passel agnise this message represent by means of the picayune stories the drovers wife and in a dry out season. However Douglas Stewart portrays his perception of the hurtful nature of humans visually through his poetrys wombat and nesting time Firstly in Lawsons The drovers wife we peck how he personally views his perspective as being part of a group of people. He represents this through various language techniques and direct quotes to show the perception of belong he has developed. Through the use of rhetorical questions who are these shadows through this quote he shows us that in the beginning he has no whiz of belonging with that particular group of people. We perceive the use of peaceful imagery moonli ght plain to show us that the shadows he may belong to are not necessarily dark and evil. In this poem we see how theres a whizz of mystery as to whether he belongs or not through the quote The bearded faceless men hence showing he does not belong. still later on in the poem he also quotes they stood shoulder to shoulder showing that he may belong and or be part of their circle. Hence, we rat see his point of view. Furthermore we endure see how a point of view is shown in Lawsons story in a dry season. We see this through various language techniques and quotes.The quote our lady watched shows us that even though he never grew up in a certain group he still had something far well-kniter than a group of peers monitoring his every step and guarding him through hes schooling days this shows the strong sense of belonging he developed with the school. The Quote like a foreign tourist shows us that peter never had a sense of belonging with that particular group even though he had bee n part of them for years but he still failed to integrate himself with them. The quote for eight years shows us that peter never felt as though he belonged to the school although he abided by the rules and get dressed in the correct uniform, Hence, showing us both his point of view. Finally in the poem Wombat we can see how different people view belonging through many different emotive quotes. We see how the wombat goes down a long road from not belonging to belonging, we see this through the quote from iris burner to patriot this shows us that he felt through he never belonged butwith time came his sense of identity element which played a major role in helping him belong. We also see his trip from not belonging to belonging because he burnt the Australian flag but later on in his life had it put up as an ironic symbol in his room hence, we see how it views the word belonging.This is evident that a person can go from belonging to not belonging and that belonging is viewed differ ently by different people. This can be linked back to the poem ancestors as in the poem peter feels as though he does not belong at all unsloped when he burn down the Australian flag but later on goes to discover his identity and realizes the flag is a part of him while Lawson knows that he does not belong to his ancestor at the implication but may belong to them in the final destination reached in the peaceful nature in comparison it can also be linked back to wombat as in the poem we can see how he has no sense of belonging just as first but later on found out and established his own notion of belonging. Hence, we can see both notions of belonging. In conclusion many composers have been successful in using distinctly visual elements to create a particular image to reveal their own vision of the world. Henry Lawson is able to portray his image that life in the bush is not romantic. One can see this message portrayed through the short stories The drovers wife and In a dry season. However Douglas Stewart portrays his perception of the destructive nature of mankind visually through his poems wombat and nesting time.

Gambling among Adolescents in North America Essay Example for Free

playing period among Adolescents in due north America Es ordainLottery, card games, sports betting and m geniusy wagers. These be a a few(prenominal) kinds of sport that adults engage in how perpetually, the callowness of today be besides build to be maneuver more than adults (Der withalsky Gupta, 2002 Huang Boyer, 2007). According to Derevensky Gupta (2002), in that location is an alarmingly high percentage of children and jejunes engaged in looseness activities.In a long-term analysis between 1984 to 1999, it was found that the prevalence of early days maneuver in trades union America incrrestraint from 45% to 66% and that the proportion of the youth who turn over serious sport-related problems view increased as well from 10% to 15% in the same time period (Huang Boyer, 2007). In the past(a) 25 years in the United States and Canada, it has been found that the youth is solidly associated with gambling-related problems the percentage of youth sort unde r the Sub-clinical or problem gambling (Level 2) and the pathological gambling (Level 3) were at 14. 6% and 4. 8% exclusively in 2006, which is more than twice of the adults who notwithstanding have a percentage of 2. 5% and 1. 5% each (ibid).Among the youth, it has similarly been found that more young men run a risk more than women and they ar also place to be problem assayrs than young women and even among adults (Huang Boyer, 2007). In North America today, approximately 80% of adolescents have participated in some form of gambling for money within in their lifetime (Felsher, Derevensky Gupta, 2003 Messerlian Derevensky, 2005). This is an alarming rate.The itemise of youth who are engaged in adolescent gambling is high today more than ever before and it is starting to become a serious public health issue that many nations, specially the United States and Canada, are trying to address (Messerlian Derevensky, 2005). Considerable research by psychologist and sociologis ts are being conducted regarding this problem. This penning leave alone identify the causes of adolescent gambling, its consequences and what psychologists and the government are doing to treat this issue. Causes of Adolescent period of playThe availableness and availableness of gambling increased progressively in the United States and Canada from 1984-1999, which was also the time that an increase in youth gambling also occurred (Derevensky Gupta, 2002). This increase in youth gambling has been attributed to the support of the two governments in the compensable gambling industry. Political economy theories of Sauer maintain that this is due to the deficiency for revenue generation of the large governments (Messerlian Derevensky, 2005). The youth have become exposed to numerous gambling establishments, directly and indirectly (Felsher et al, 2003).The widespread legalization of the assorted kinds of gambling in North America has greatly exposed the youth to the addictive gam e (ibid Huang Boyer, 2007). bid has already become a well-established recreational form of entertainment (Felsher et al, 2003) and there is already an estimated 15. 3million adolescents in North America who have engaged in gambling activities and 2. 2 million of these are problem or pathological gamblers (Huang Boyer, 2007). Among 12-17 year old Americans, 4%8% of them are already pathological gamblers and an separate 10%15% of the youth are at risk of developing a serious problem (Felsher et al., 2003 Messerlian Derevensky, 2005). Adolescents gamble because they are tempted by the lure of excitement, entertainment, and potential pecuniary gain associated with gambling (Messerlian Derevensky, 2005). Increased exposure to gambling will teach the kids to gamble, and the social study theory of Albert Bandura heads out the role of observation and imitation in the acquisition and upkeep of socially desirable and undesirable characteristics (Felsher et al., 2003). The increased e xposure they have in gambling influences them to do the same. Family and friends are the primary reference groups, but it is the parents who have a stronger influence since they occur preliminary than the peer group (ibid). The parents are observed to be having fun and adolescents surveyed said they gamble because their parents play for sport and excitement, and it is the parents who play their children and engage them in gambling (ibid).In the social learning theory, there are six-spot mechanisms identified that is involved in the development of gambling and these are 1) tintive states such(prenominal) as misgiving or depression 2) cognitive distortions somewhat gambling 3) portal reinforcement schedules 4) social and institutional determinants such as opportunity to gamble 5) sub-cultural conditions like prevailing attitude towards gambling and values of the adolescents social context and reference groups (as seen in the preceding paragraph) and 6) internal fantasy relation ships with personifications like the parents or bird luck (Upfold, 2007).Lottery is the most favored form of gambling by adolescents because of its ease of advanceibility and the borderline amount of money required to participate in the draw (Felsher et al. , 2003). Parents purchase the drafting tickets and they include their children in their gambling activity by asking for their advice, such as what number/s they should pick, let them take on the money, fill in the lottery stubs, scratching the numbers, etc. (ibid). This observation and direct participation of gambling from significant reference groups, such as the parents, influences the youths participation in gambling activities (Messerlian Derevensky, 2005).The parental adoption of gambling as a recreational activity further encourages the youth to partake in it (Felsher et al. , 2003). Adolescents who gamble say that they have learned it from their parents. 15% of children made first bet with their parents and anform er(a) 20% with other family members (Messerlian Derevensky, 2005). Parents gamble in close proximity to their children and they have a poor understanding of the negative consequences that this will have on their child (ibid). The Cognitive-Behavioral Model, which is part of the social-learning theory, may explain this cause.The pretence is based on the principles of learning from imitation, observation, schedules of enforcement and cognition or how the youth would interpret and draw conclusions well-nigh the events around him or her (Upfold, 2007). They are compel to gamble since the adolescents report that their parents are aware of their gambling and that they do not object to it 50% of parents are aware and are not worried, disregarding the age of the child (Felsher et al. , 2003). 58. 5% of children in the study of Felsher et al.(2003) also say that they wager money with their parents, hence they are taught to gamble some parents even purchase lottery tickets for their childs behalf and it has been found that the more severe gambling a child is doing, the more tickets there are purchased by parents. Also, adolescents who were found to be regularly gambling report that they gamble with their family members and 40% say they do it with their parents (Messerlian Derevensky, 2005). Problem gambling is governed by a complex set of interrelating factors, causes, and determinants biological, familial, behavioral, social, and environmental (ibid).Under environmental, ease of access of online-gambling sites on the Internet is a new problem since the youth can easily access it and can be enticed by the visual appeals of Internet gambling (ibid). Another important reference point and part of the environmental factor which indirectly teaches gambling to children and reinforces it is the school. There are schools who promote gambling through and through fundraising activities including lottery, raffle draws, bingo, casino nights, and by permitting card playing withi n schools (ibid).Another explanation for causes of gambling is the Psychodynamic Model, which proposes that ain problems lie within the psyche and are an attempt at self-healing or a strategy of declaration unconscious psychic conflictsbeyond voluntary control, (Upfold, 2007), hence the individual continues to engage in gambling. There are three main components in this model and they are 1) drama is an unconscious substitute for aggressive outlets 2) Gambling involves an unconscious desire to lose- a wish to be punished in reaction to guilt and 3) Gambling is a medium for continued enactment of psychological conflict (ibid).Adolescents do not engage in gambling for money but for excitement and enjoyment through video lottery terminals, sports betting, cards, lotteries, bingo and other forms of gambling, adolescents with a gambling problem exhibit a number of dissociative behaviors such as die hard into another world where they have altered egos (Derevensky Gupta, 2002).Their c onstitution traits that are correlated with risk-taking behavior such as excitable, extroverted, anxious and lower self-discipline show that they have poor coping and adaptive skills, so when they cannot do with many hardships in their life or the stress of being a teenager, they gamble to escape from the significantities of effortless life (ibid).Gambling has been a way for adolescents who experience negative life events and use emotional-coping strategies to escape their problems, even if they have claimed to have social support from their peers (ibid Bergevin, Gupta Derevensky, 2006). The Trait Theory of Gambling is also part of the psychodynamic model and it show that there are certain personalities that is related to the problem of gambling such as depression, anti-social personality disorder- particularly for pathological gamblers, and narcissism- as seen in the compulsive gamblers (Upfold, 2007).Other identified risk factors that may ply to adolescent gambling include s taminate gender, alcohol and drug use, deviant peers, family memorial of gambling, and impulsive behavior (Pietrzak, Ladd Petry, 2003). Consequences of Adolescent Gambling The consequences of adolescent gambling are somewhat similar to that of adult gamblers they not only affect themselves but society as a whole.Adolescent gambling does not only affect the individual adolescent but their families, peers, communities and health services (Messerlian Derevensky, 2005). The consequences the adolescent gamblers face are widespread and affects their psychological, behavioral, legal, academic, family and social domains- they become delinquent, have poor academic performance, impair their academic performance or even stray out from school, disrupt their relationship with family and friends, and display criminal behavior (ibid).They face negative health, psychological, social, personal and financial consequences that is why gambling is becoming a public health issue (ibid). It has been found that there is a strong correlation between adolescent gambling and the increased likelihood to drink alcohol, smoke baccy and use drugs (Hardoon, Gupta Derevensky, 2004). Huang Boyer (2007) also says that adolescent gamblers are more likely to experience psychiatric problems, particularly nerve use disorders.The common factors that lead to this among adolescents are low self-esteem, depression, suicidal cerebrations, victim of abuse, poor school performance, history of delinquency, poor impulse control, being male, early onset of gambling, parental history of gambling, and community/family acceptance of gambling (ibid). This will greatly affect the future of the youth since all that they indulge in is gambling. They become dissociated from the real world and spend much of their time gambling that they do not get to develop themselves as individuals anymore.They become more susceptible to suicide ideation and attempts, they replace their old friends with their gambling as sociates and they have a higher risk to develop an addiction or poly addictions (Gupta Derevensky, 2002). In the study of Felsher et al. (2003), they found that 94% of young male gamblers and 93% of young female gamblers are not afraid to get caught. This shows their lack of concern on what may happen to them if they are caught and this may also show the acceptance of their parents.Since parents and most institutions fail to bonk gambling as a serious problem or certain activities to be gambling (Derevensky and Gupta, 2002), the adolescents are at a higher risk to further develop their gambling addiction. The course of gambling varies from one individual to another however, the social learning theory shows that since gambling behavior is acquired it can be thought of as a continuum or stages from problem- rid gambling all the way to pathological gambling (Messerlian Derevensky, 2005 Upfold, 2007).Messerlian Derevensky (2005) states that as gambling escalates and one moves along the continuum of gambling risk, the negative outcomes begin to outweigh any potential benefits and this is when they would start experiencing contrastive kinds of impaired personal, health, financial and social consequences. Treatments to Adolescent Gambling The numerous psychosocial costs of gambling to the individual, his/her family and to the community shows that this is a problem that must be addressed and treated (Derevensky and Gupta, 2002).Some adolescents do not know that they have a gambling addiction or disorder and this prevents them from getting proper treatment (ibid) however, with the intervention of family, friends or event the school, the adolescent may get treated. There are several kinds of treatment for adolescents who are already problem or pathological gamblers. Before these are discussed, prevention models for gambling will be discussed first since prevention is better than cure.Government policies should be stricter regarding gambling, particularly On-line ga mbling since that is readily accessible to the youth. humankind policies that can influence the social environment and minimize unhealthy gambling behavior such as legislation on advertising and promotion, laws regulating minimum age-requirements and their enforcement, provision of programs for harm minimization, fiscal measures, and regulation of the availability of products should be balanced with the economic gains of the gambling industry (Messerlian Derevensky 2005).Other prevention models suggested by Derevensky Gupta (2002) include the need for awareness of the problem activities that increase knowledge on adolescent gambling programs to help modify and falsify attitude that gambling is not harmless teaching of effective coping and adaptive skills to prevent rugged gambling changing inappropriate conceptions about skill and luck, the illusion of control and independence in gambling activities and identification, assessment and referral of students who are indicative of b eing at risk to gambling problems.Psychosocial approaches are one of the methods utilise to treat pathological gambling and this for adults this includes Gamblers Anonymous (Pietrzak et al. , 2006). For the adolescents several youth groups have been formed such as youthbet. net in Canada and wannabet. org in the United States these website are managed by youths and non-governmental organizations to offer assistance and collaboration to adolescents (Messerlian Derevensky, 2005). Piertzak et al.(2006) found that cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) and eclectic therapy have been helpful in reducing problematic gambling behaviors. CBT involves altering the inaccurate perceptions, beliefs and attitudes of adolescents about gambling. The eclectic therapy is the individual approach to treating gambling problems and consists of detailed assessment, acceptance of the problem, development of effective coping skills, restructuring of free time, involvement of family and social supports, cogniti ve restructuring, establishment of debt payment plans and relapse prevention (ibid).The motivational enhancement therapy (MET) is also utilize and is based on the concept that behavior change occurs through identifiable stages pre-contemplation, contemplation, action and maintenance (ibid). In this approach, the therapist is non-confrontational and elicits the adolescents understanding of the consequences of gambling and strengthens the commitment to change the ways of the individual since it has a shorter duration that CBT and other therapies, MET is recommended for onset problems (ibid).A disease model is also sometimes used to treat gambling problems. In this approach, the compulsive gambler is made to embrace abstinence from gambling, to participate in self-help groups and to maintain abstinence by going through therapy to deal with previous or latent psychological problems (Upfold, 2007).There is also the Ecological Approach wherein gambling behavior is viewed from multiple pe rspectives and addresses the behavior from an individual and socio-environmental take aim where interventions are made at five levels that affects an individual to gamble biological, familial, behavioral, social and environmental (Messerlian Derevesnky, 2005). Internal and away factors cause an adolescent to gamble.Occasional gambling is harmless but once exposed to gambling especially at a young age, gambling problems may occur and develop into an addiction, which may affect the social, academic and personal life of the adolescent. Treatments vary such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, eclectic therapy, motivational-enhancement therapy and ecological approach however, prevention of adolescent gambling is still the best and this can be done through increased awareness about the public health problem and stricter government policies regarding access of adolescents to gambling venues, especially online gambling.BibliographyBergevin, T. , Gupta, R. and Derevensky, J. (2006). Adolesce nt gambling reasonableness the role of stress and coping. Journal of Gambling Studies, (22), 195-208. Derevensky, J. L. and Gupta, R. (2002). callowness gambling A clinical and research perspective. The electronic Journal of Gambling Issues. Retrieved April 9, 2008 from http//www. camh. net/egambling/issue2/feature/index. html Felsher, J. R. , Derevensky, J. L. , Gupta, R. (2003). Parental influences and social modelling of youth lottery participation.Journal of Community Applied Social Psychology, 13 361-377. Hardoon, K. K. , Gupta, R. and Derevensky, J. L. (2004). Psychosocial variables associated with adolescent gambling. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 18 (2), one hundred seventy 179. Huang, J. H. and Boyer, R.. (2007). Epidemiology of youth gambling problems in Canada A national prevalence study. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 52 (10). Messerlian, C. and Derevensky, M. (2005). Youth gambling A public health perspective.Journal of Gambling Issues (14). Pietrzak, R. H . , Ladd, G. T. and Petry, N. M. (2003). Disordered gambling in adolescents Epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment. Pediatr Drugs, 5 (9), 583 592. Upfold, Darryl. (2007). An introduction to conceptual models of problem gambling. Center for Addiction and Mental Health. Retrieved April 13, 2008, from http//www. problemgambling. ca/EN/ResourcesForProfessionals/Pages/AnIntroductiontoConceptualModelsofProblemGambling. aspx

Wide Area Network (WAN)

Wide Area Network (wide area internet)1. Abstract unhinged Wide Area Network is a communication communicate that make usage of existing engineering science to connect local area network into a larger working network which may dog both national and international location.Wide Area Network allows a company to make use of common imagerys in order to operate, internal chokes such as sales, production, development, marketing and accounting tidy sum be shared with authorized locations through this sort of network application. So thats why it is so important today.In this paper, I am going to demonstrates the techniques required for computer network from technology, architecture, media, communications protocol and routing algorithm based on the OSI seven bed model.2. IntroductionBambi Co., Ltd. decided to implement a Wide Area Network surrounded by their two internet site in two different countries. As the network engineer of the company, is responsible to study, plan, constru ct and implementation of a Wide Area Network for connecting two sites local area network. The requirement by the company that made the WAN a necessity are enumerated. The choice of WAN, hardware and the software is explained within the context of the needs of the company. Finally the benefits accruing to the company are identified and determined.3. Company BackgroundBambi Co., Ltd. has two sites find in two different countries. Site A, the main office which located in Hong Kong and Site B, a factory which located in Shenzhen, the mainland China.In Site A, there are some 10 customer workstations and Site B around 40 client workstations.There are three legions located in Site A, they are the domain server, email server and content management server. An early(a) domain server also located in Site B, it mainly provide the services for Shenzhen drug users.4. User requirement4.1 FunctionalityOn most of the users, their main concern is application avail able from the network. This in cluding the following matters4.1.1 Fast response time solution time is the time between entering a command or keystroke and the execution of the command acquaint a response. For users on Bambi Co., Ltd. environment, response time is the response running application or access from/to the servers, transmission system of information as well as access to Internet.4.1.2 High throughputThe throughput environment on the company can be expected to be high. It can be expected that the throughput usage on the network depart involve many another(prenominal) users frequently access to the server and also to the Internet at same time.4.2 ScalabilityThe WAN implementation is expected to be function for a minimum of 5 years without the needs of arouse the network equipments or rewiring the horizontal or vertical cable.4.3 AdaptabilityThe WAN implementation must be negotiable enough to meet the demand of ever-growing needs of technologies when they become available. It might included with new er switching technology, more inexpugnable or faster router incorporating with new routing protocols and etc. Therefore, the WAN solution should be modular which allow added or swapped new network equipment with a minimum of network downtime.4.4 SecurityThe information transfer must be protect through the WAN environment. This is very important as to prevent the company info from stolen from their competitors.4.5 manageablenessThe WAN implementation must be manageable and able to monitor by the network administrator.4.6 reliablenessReliability of the WAN is important. The WAN must include fault-tolerance function and elements to give the stability of the network to restrict any unnecessary network downtime.5. WAN solution5.1 Regional Private NetworkService provider PacnetType MPLS VPNBandwidth 2MbpsDescription Connect between Bambi Co., Ltd. Site A and B5.1.1 Introducing of MPLS and architectureMPLS stands for Multiprotocol Label Switching. It has been around for several years. It is standardized by IETF. (The Internet Engineering Task Force) Why multiprotocol? Since at the OSI 7 layer model, it operates between the layer 2 (Data Link Layer) and the layer 3 (Network Layer), so it often view as a 2.5 layer protocol.Conventional selective information packets are routed based on IP address and other information in the header. MPLS simplifies the forwarding function by taking a total different advent by introducing a connection oriented mechanism inside the connectionless IP network. Label switching indicates that the packets switched are no longer IPv4 or IPv6 packets and even Layer 2 frames when switched, but they are labeled. Below exhibit the MPLS header format.First 20-bits Label value20 22 bits Three Experimental (EXP) bits, use for grapheme of service (QoS)23 bit Bottom of Stack (Bos) bit, 1 for bottom label, 0 otherwise24 to 31 bits Time To Live (TTL)5.1.2 MPLS comp 1nts and operationMPLS network comprise the following elementsLabel Edge Router (L ER) Router laid at the edge of the MPLS networkLabel Switching Router (LSR) MPLS capable routerLabel Switch Path (LSP) An say sequence of LSRsLabel Distribution Protocol (LDP) Set of procedures by which LSRs prepare LSPsIn MPLS network, an optimal passageway is firstly determine and tag. When packets enter the MPLS network, the input router and switch uses the layer 3 header to assign the packets to one of this predetermine path. MPLS using a label stacking process to better handle the traffic. A label is attached to the end to end path information in the packet. The label together with the information packet as it cross the network. All other routers along the path use the label to determine the next bound off address instead of the IP address. Since this device only operates on the information in the label, processor-intensive analysis and mixture of the layer 3 header occur only at the entrance to the network. This remove much of the operating expense used in the network and therefore, speed up the overall processing of data.5.1.3 MPLS ProtocolsMPLS use 2 protocols to establish the LSP, they areMPLS Routing protocol Distribute topology information only. Interior gateway protocol such as OSPF, IS-, BGP-4 is normally use.MPLS Signaling protocol Information for program the switching fabric. RSVP-TE and LDP is used.5.1.4 MPLS VPNMPLS Virtual Private Networks (VPN) is the most universal and widespread implementation of MPLS technology. A VPN provide communication at OSI layer 2 or 3. VPN is protected by strong encryption. In general, the data travel across the VPN is not visible and encapsulated. MPLS is well desirable for VPN because of its characteristics.5.2 Internet ConnectionService Provider PacnetType SHDSLBandwidth 4Mbps downstream/4Mbps upstreamDescription Applied at Site A. By the way, the WAN connection will be allowed the Internet share with Site B office.In order to fulfill both sites demand, Single High Speed Digital Subscriber de rake ate (SHDSL) has chosen. SHDSL is one of the DSL family technology. Similar with other SDSL service, the upstream and downstream data rates are equal. iodin of its advantage of SHDSL is its high symmetric data rates with guaranteed bandwidth and low interference. In Bambi Co., Ltd. a 4M/4M speed line is using for their Internet connection.6. Ethernet StandardCAT 6 (Category 6) twisted-pair UTP is using under Bambi Co., Ltd. local area network environment. Its Gigabit Ethernet cable standard which bandwidth up to 400MHz and over a range of 100 m. It meet up the ANSI/TIA-568-B.2-1 performance specification.7. Network surroundings Overview7.1 Entire Network Diagram7.2 Hardware/Software description7.3 Network configuration7.3.1 Protocol and LAN segmentsWith the popularity of the Internet, TCP/IP become the most popular protocol. In Bambi Co., Ltd. only TCP/IP protocol allowed to be implement on the network environment. All servers and desktop PCs located on Site A and B will have stati c addresses, while notebook PCs will obtain addresses by utilizing projectile Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP).IPv4 will be chosen as the type. Compare with IPv6, IPv4 had been around for many years, there are much more hardware and software supports.8. SecurityThe following is the security governance for protect companys data8.1 AuthenticationEach staff sign an individual login id for access their workstation and server resource like the email. The password establishes complexity level with minimum length of 5 characters. The password will employ change either 3 months.8.2 AuthorizationOnly some authorize staffs with Internet connection. This prevent the data disclose by FTP, web mail or any online storage.8.3 AuditThe email server is able to keep logging which allow the administrative staff trace whether any company important data disclose by email.8.4 MonitorThe firewall and switch are able to monitor the network for suspicious activity. For example, if the firewall obtain heavy traffic or overload session, it will send email alert to the network administrator.8.5 virus ProtectionSome kind of computer virus will steal infected computers data. So every servers and client workstations has install a memory resident antivirus software for protection. The UMT firewall also provide gateway antivirus function which prevent virus from the layer 2 level.8.6 EncryptionThe MPLS VPN deployed to be high security network tunnel. The data transmit between site A and B office with strong encryption.9. ConclusionIn the user requirement chapter, 6 requirements were outlined. We summarize the benefits from applying the MPLS as below9.1 FunctionalityNo performance bottleneck of CPE VPN devicesReduced network latencyGuaranteed SLA (Service level agreement) for time critical applicationsSupports the delivery of services with QoS (Quality of service) guarantees9.2 ScalabilityHighly scalable since no site to site peering is required and reconfiguration of VPN devices.9.3 A daptabilityMultiple connection type and bandwidth selection (e.g. ATM, Metro Ethernet, Broadband, etc.)9.4 SecurityPrivate network completely isolated from Internet.9.5 ManageabilityCustomer is able to complete control their own routing.9.6 Reliability change fast restoration from failuresThe network design presented here meets all those objectives. Both for today and in the future.10. point of referenceRosen, E., Viswanathan, A. and Callon, R. (2001) Multiprotocol Label Switching Architecture, IETF Documents, Online Available from http//tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3031, accessed on 07/03/10PACNET 2010 Pacnet Domestic IP VPN Available on http//hk.pacnet.com/network/domestic-ip-vpn/, accessed on 13/03/10Bates, R. (2002) Broadband Telecommunications Handbook. 2nd edition. McGraw-Hill Professional, Columbus.Guichard, B. PepeInjak, I. and Apcar, J. (2003) MPLS and VPN Architectures, Volume II. Cisco Press, Indiana.Ghein, L. (2007) MPLS Fundamentals. Cisco Press, Indiana.Jamison, S. Cardarel li, M. and Hanley, S. (2007) Essential SharePoint 2007. Pearson Education, Inc., Boston.

Failures Of The Juvenile Justice System Criminology Essay

Failures Of The puerile Justice System Criminology EssayJuvenile skillfulice dodges across the country ar experiencing major challenges resulted in a tribulation to meet their original goal to change the deviant doings of the new woebeg unitary by focusing on rehabilitation in order to ensure youthfuls take hold an opportunity for a future life as a productive citizen. Despite this goal jejune justice system, in legion(predicate) courtships, has failed to rehabilitate the adolescent and sort of have ferment more prone to placing recent delinquents in new-made person detention facilities, or trying them as adult offenders. Once the juvenile delinquent becomes a part of the system, adult or juvenile, they have concentratedy escaping from the stigma and moving on to create get out lives.Instead of delinquents making positive changes in their life, they instead graduate up to adult prison and become adult sad offenders. These failings within the juvenile justice system can be attri n invariablythelessed to the insufficiency of education, lack of support services and an inability to incarcerate the more serious juvenile offenders. In fact 80% of juveniles who enter New Yorks juvenile facilities end up returning or graduating to adult prisons within one-third years (Louis, 2008). This recidivism rate is 20% higher that the New York adult criminal justice system. In another(prenominal) states, such as okay or Texas, the rate is even higher.The juvenile justice system has withal failed to provide a fair and equal juvenile justice process which is obvious based on the racial disparities present in Americas juvenile justice system. Minorities, African Americans especially, atomic number 18 located in juvenile detention centers or receive waivers that require them to be tried as adults. These failures have been attributed to the delinquent or criminal behavior of the minority by the juvenile justice system but by critics it has been attribu ted to racial profiling of police and bias in the juvenile courts.The fact is in the juvenile justice system there have been many failures that have resulted in many challenges. These challenges make it difficult for the juvenile justice system to meet its original goal of rehabilitation and have resulted instead with juveniles that be not reformed but instead have the tools to become adult offenders. When juveniles are removed from their homes and move in a juvenile detention they do not become reformed but instead there behavior will worsen in this type of an environment. Juveniles that are laced in detention centers are faced with becoming more aggressive than the next juvenile just to survive. Instead of cultivation to become more productive members of society the juvenile discloses new criminal skills.Juvenile offenders in current society commit the same delinquent acts of the past but they also commit offenses that are farthest more serious and violent than when the juve nile justice system was first established. Instead of rehabilitating juvenile and pickings steps in repairing the family the juvenile justice system has been quick to punish the juvenile. The lacking of sound counseling services for juvenile delinquents before and after cosmosness sustained or incarcerated has been considered a king-sized part of the overall problem in the juvenile justice system as well as a truly low success rate in making positive changes in the life of the juvenile offender.The question will seek to understand the extent of the failures of the juvenile justice system by presenting statistical look and real world examples of these failures. The better juvenile justice professionals understand the failure of the system the more effective they can be in developing more effective measures for ensuring the juvenile get a lines new and positive behavior and does not grow up to become an adult criminal offender. Through rehabilitative services and programs the juvenile will have an opportunity to make positive changes in their lives and become more productive members of society. literary works ReviewResearch has shown that the juvenile justice system has failed in their goal to rehabilitate juveniles to ensure they do not grow up to become adult criminals. In research conducted by Annie Casey Foundation it was sight that the juvenile justice system is ineffective, dangerous, and inadequate. Instead of investing in the future of juveniles the system is just focus on punishing the juvenile and removing them from society. Juveniles that are detained or that are adjudicated to the adult court system are not taught new positive behaviors that assist them in becoming upstanding members of society and instead they learn new criminal behaviors.In Oklahoma, precisely the Creek County area of Oklahoma, which is likely one of the highest areas of juvenile offenders in the state there exists a definite problem of dealing with the issues of juve nile crime. Furthermore, the juvenile justice system has no real punitive measures that can be put in place to deal with juvenile offenders who should be removed from society. The lacking of effective counseling services for pre-incarceration level and post-incarceration level offenders has been considered a large part of the overall problem in the State of Oklahoma.In fact despite the proof that rehabilitative programs can work the state has failed to aggressively implement them and prefers instead to detain or incarcerate. The Juvenile Re-entry of Oklahoma County program is one such program that has been shown to be successful with only a 10% failure rate (Kelly, 2010). The program provides the juveniles with an opportunity to obtain their high school diploma or G.E.D and an opportunity to learn a new job skill. In a recent analysis of the program it was discovered that many of the participants not only obtain their education but go on to obtain their college degrees.The state of Texas has one of the largest the juvenile justice populations in the country and juveniles are detained in a large majority of cases. The Texas juvenile justice system has large caseloads where juveniles in some cases will be detained for a year without ever going in front of a judge. The judges in the state are quick to detain the juvenile because the state has become limited in the resources available to rehabilitee the juvenile offender. In New York the juvenile justice system became so corrupt and the treatment of juveniles so inhumane the governor called for a pick up overhaul and reform of the New York juvenile justice system (Louis, 2008). Juveniles were routinely restrained while in custody and left face first on the ground for hours. Juvenile justice officers were known for being cruel and aggressive. Since the reform efforts the juvenile receive discipline but is not subject to inhuman treatment. maybe one of the alleged problems are the extremely restrictive laws which w ere passed as result of the 14th Amendment of the Bill of Rights. Whereas juvenile offenders are to be handled in such a restrictive manner as it give the offenders the sentiment that theres nothing the system can do to them, in such a case like Thompson V. Oklahoma, where the State of Oklahoma petitioned to charge the defendant as an adult for premeditate murder, or beginning(a) degree murder, which was approved and Thompson was so tried and convicted, to be later overturned by the U.S. Supreme judicatory (487 U.S. 815, 1988).The trend for the juvenile justice system to detain the juvenile over finding effective rehabilitative services is not the only challenge facing juvenile justice systems across the nation. After a two-and-a-half year investigation by the Civil Right Division it was discovered similar to the adult criminal justice system that the minority is treated more harshly than the non-minority. The research showed that law enforcement, which has discretion in what hap pens to the juvenile, is far more likely to detain the minority juvenile and release the non-minority juvenile into the custody of their parents or guardian.The report also said black juveniles were treated more harshly than white teenagers in detention practices and transfers to criminal court to be tried as adults (Dries, 2012). As a result there is a major overrepresentation of minorities in both the juvenile and adult justice systems. All criminal offenders in the juvenile justice system should be guaranteed an equal and fair juvenile justice process but this is just not the case. While juveniles are afforded some due process rights, the juvenile justice system is not focused on equality or even justice. It is instead focused on punishing juveniles for their risky behavior.When juveniles are placed within juvenile detention centers instead of sent being home with their parents and being required to attend rehabilitative programs and services that will assist them in changing th eir behavior and hint a more positive lifestyle. Research has shown that juveniles that are placed in juvenile detention centers are seven times more likely to grow up to become adult criminal offenders or to be tried as an adult while juveniles. Further, those who ended up being sentenced to juvenile prison were 37 times more likely to be arrested again as adults, compared with similarly misbehaved kids who were either not caught or not put into the system (Szalavitz, 2009). The failure to employ rehabilitative services has resulted in a growing juvenile justice population.

Analysis Of Literary Studies

depth psycho poundy Of literary StudiesAmputation in poem is actu all toldy a metaphor of the doom on Dacca gauzes. what is more it also represents the similar fate of all r be dodge works. The author in the dark represents the puppyish in modern society and his grandmother in the open is representative of mess in former(a) daysAmputation is to weavers what the agony of missing the elderly things is to grandmother, which is like the air satu strayd with sorrow and pain.The old, with the high tempo of modern life, are not ready for getting white plagued to the ever-changing society. Not only art works are turning to new forms and having a variety of styles in which modern elements dejection be found, but things except art are also changing totally. So the elderly prefer aliveness in their memories grief yet full of graceful and sadness added with sweet.In the poem grandmothers saying No nonpareil knows what it was to wear or touch that cloth just tell readers how lonely s he was. No one could understand why she treasured those transparent Dacca gauzes in the bottom of her heart so much. And the youthful seldom accurately estimated the value of those invaluable art works. So grandmother had to put down her speech communication such as heirloom sari and genuine.Years later when heirloom sari tore, nieces and daughters-in-natural law inherited all those beautiful handkerchiefs do from the torn Dacca gauzes. How excited these winnerors should have been at the time they received heirlooms.Never. Those handkerchiefs too now lost.As for the young, amputation is a metaphor of a fair way for them to success the treasure from their ancestors and also it is a brisk symbol of their attitude towards these old precious treasures. Especially when we refer to various forms of art which are love by people in different age groups, we can easily find that there is a totally difference among their preference. The young, looking for pleasure, indulge themselves in th e moment of blink while the old, searching for old feelings, enjoy the perpetuity of delicacy and beauty.So the old learned to face the increasingly changing ingenuousness towards everything despite their difficulty in getting used to it while the young pursuit new things which start to the modern world even though they get ready to hear what their grandparents say about the past. in the long run a picturesque setting of the due-starched morning once again is providing to us. Grandmother has been pulling the muslins through her wing.Literary studies The story of Williamsons mysterious disappearance made by Ambrose Bierce known for his satirical lexicon tells the issues of American society in pre-Civil War. That is peoples inward fear under the disoriented society with the unbalance surrounded by rigorous yet faulty law constitution and seemingly harmonious yet cold social stage.People, on their own stand, reacted in various ways when they are witnessing the disappearance of Wi lliam. And the court must to make sure that whether Mr. William was gone ahead his estate was distributed according to law.The characters all forgot to tell something and the mystery of disappearance remained, from which the metaphor is the disappearing memory of the thrall in the endless American history.In a nut shell, the truism about the relation between law and social order is that there is a functional gap between them despite they never isolated from each other. As a tool used to serve regime, the ruling class hope on it to keep the social order well within a certain scope. However law only compensates for the darkness of a society as it is drafted by men who were hampered by the goal of their time.philology What metonymy is that figure of speech in which a news show or expression normally or rigorously used of one thing is used of something physically or otherwise associated with it. And from the book Metaphors We Live By indite by Lakoff and Johnson in 1980 we can lea rn that metonymy is a cognitive process which involves conceptual single-valued function and reference point phenomena.The expansion meaning of the word log is to meet the cognitive need when people develop vocabulary system. At first the word log was used as a noun to draw in a bulky mass of wood. When we use a semantic triangle 1 to explain this, it is easy for us to understand the changes of the meaning and usage of this word.ConceptSymbolThings1 Semantic triangleFrom the original concept of log we firstly refer to the symbol of something natural or raw. As a result, things such as an unfinished portion of a felled tree and firewood were related with that symbol. In 1574 an apparatus used as an indicator of the rate of ships motion was called log because the apparatus was of a thin quadrant of wood which had some similar qualities of firewood. To dilate the meaning from indicator to measurement unit, the concept of a vessel occurred in the year 1883.Then the word log-board oc curred as it was also related to a ships log. Continually the meaning expanded to journal as it was the confine of log-board. At last log represented any progress or performance of something in the order considered logically right as log had ever had the meaning of an apparatus for ascertaining the rate of a ships motion. save all talked above, there is another kind of change which commonly occur in metonymy. That is change in part of speech which is considered as grammatical metonymy. We can see that the word log can use as a verb when people want to express the meaning such as opening or terminating a time-shared system such as database or email on computer.Translation1. A)The topic of this search is as follows Education in America has its unique purpose for serving the American social system not for others, so it is totally successful within the U.S. community.It is never too late to reach a conclusion and take action before we are clear about the accurate definition of the suc cess of study. So please give a second thought when this topic about the success of American education runs into your eyes, neither becoming so elated with cheers and applauses nor coming into immediate searing criticism with anger and turn down on your face. The author argued in this article that on one hand philosophers, scientists and engineers are produced in the U.S. education system. On the other hand it also turns the other large group of people into the superficial, the ones pursing dazzling things in the torrent of fashion, the eye-blinded who are vulnerable to manipulation and the idiots at the annual peak of shopping mania, which are all required in the money-oriented capitalism economies.B)Social-cultural sensitivity and cross-cultural awareness are required for translator oddly when they do some edition of advertisement. What information a company wants to tell consumers in foreign markets can easily be distorted by mistranslation. So I will give that slogan as foll owB.TT1 is a direct translation of the Source Text. However TT2 is not because it is translated with more considering about the culture of target reader. As a saying in china, the sentence in TT2 is easier for Chinese to understand and crazyweed in the ST must be translated into wind and fire should also be translated into white water as this is a kind of faithfulness in Chinese culture. When we do translation, we should develop our awareness of the dialectic relationship between Chinese and EnglishCTranslation is a allegiant recurrence of the beauty of the origins when we translate the art works and we should pay more attention to the effectiveness of the translated words and sentences especially when we do translation of the writings except for literary work.An ideal translator should be a person who is both loyal to the original and is palatable to its target audience. However this is difficult sometimes especially when we translate works written in the years far from now or wh en we meet the cultural difference among different wording systems. So keeping the balance between faithfulness in the text sources and service for target readers are the core issues concerning translation studies.