International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts Essay

Bloodstain pattern analysis is one technique of several in the discipline of forensic science. This technique of using bloodstains as evidences is not new; however, the application of modern science has made bloodstain analysis more and more reliable (Wikipedia). When current technologies and advances within DNA analysis become available to enforcement agencies, the apprehension of criminals and offenders become less problematic (Wikipedia). The forensic science of bloodstain pattern analysis applies scientific knowledge from other disciplines in order to solve a myriad of practical problems. Bloodstain pattern analysis can draw on biology, chemistry, math, and physics, among others (Wikipedia). When an analyst follows a strict scientific process, this applied science can produce strong, solid evidence (Wikipedia). This is an imperative tool when in the hands of law enforcement. An understanding of bloodstain analysis may allow first responders to a crime scene the know-how in currently collecting and preserving any bloodstain data (Wikipedia). Bloodstain analysts receive specialized training. The foundation course in bloodstain pattern analysis is the Basic Bloodstain Pattern Analysis Course. This is taught at many government and private institutions. The course criterion was developed by the International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts (IABPA) with the following stated purpose: A course of instruction designed for investigators, crime scene technicians, forensic technicians, and others involved in criminal and medical-legal investigations and crime scene analysis. The course is intended to develop a fundamental knowledge of the discipline of bloodstain pattern analysis. The course should illustrate to the student basic principals of bloodstain pattern analysis and the practical application of the discipline to actual casework. The course syllabus is not intended to create an â€Å"instant† expert. There are three classifications of bloodstains: passive, projected, and transfer/contact. These classifications were developed by the IABPA. Passive stains are developed when the acting force creating it is gravity. A passive pattern is then divided into three sub-categories: passive drop, drip pattern, and flow pattern (IABPA). Passive drops are created by the force of gravity alone, and the drip pattern is created when blood drips into blood. The flow pattern is a change in shape or direction due to influence of gravity or movement of the object (IABPA). Projected blood patterns are the result of an energy source being transferred through blood. There are several types: low velocity impact spatter (LVIS), medium velocity impact spatter (MVIS), high velocity impact spatter (HVIS), and expiratory blood (IABPA). The three types of velocity impact patterns are caused when an impact at either a low, medium, or high velocity make contact with the blood source (i. e. medium impact = a battery; high impact = a gunshot). An expiratory pattern is blown out of the nose, mouth, or a wound as a result of air pressure and/or air flow which is the propelling force (IABPA). A transfer/contact stain is the result of a blood bearing object coming in contact with a non-blood bearing object – thus causing the transfer of blood. Two types of transfer/contact patterns are the wipe and swipe pattern. A wipe bloodstain pattern created when an object moves through an existing stain, removing and/or altering its appearance. A swipe pattern is the transfer of blood from a moving source onto an unstained surface (IABPA). Blood splatter flight characteristics show that blood tends to form a sphere in flight opposed to the artistic teardrop shape. This is the result in the surface tension that binds the molecules together. This spherical shape is important to the calculation angle of incidence of blood when it hits a surface. This angle is then used to determine the point of origin (PO) – the original area where the blood originated in (Wikipedia). In 1954, Marilyn Sheppard was bludgeoned to death in her home. Her husband, Dr. Sam Sheppard survived what he called an attack by an intruder. Dr. Sheppard reported that he had been knocked unconscious as he tried to defend his wife (Lyle). Their home was ransacked. Investigators would come to realize that Dr. Sheppard had no blood located on his body nor clothing, and he denied ever cleaning up before the police arrived (Lyle). This troubled the police. The attack was so brutal that the killer would have been covered in blood, and Dr. Shepard should have had blood transfers located on his body or clothes. Sheppard had no blood located on his hands, which would be impossible because he said he checked for a pulse of his wife’s neck, which was covered in blood. Furthermore, Sheppard claimed that his watch, wallet, ring and keys were missing. This was true. A bag with these items was found no too far from the house; however, they had to traces of blood. Moreover, Sheppard’s pants had no blood on them – impossible is the killer robbed him with bloody hands (Lyle). The watch, however, did have traces of blood. Theses blood splatters came from flying droplets, indicating that the watch must have been close when the victim was received the fatal blows. If the watch made contact with her neck – as he checked for a pulse – the watch would have blood smears and not droplets (Lyle). Police determined that Dr. Sheppard most likely bludgeoned his wife to death. Then he cleaned himself and trashed the items outside the house were police would find them and made the house look as if it was a burglary (Lyle). Based in large part on the blood evidence, or lack of it, Sheppard was convicted of murder. After spending ten years in prison, Sheppard was released when the U. S. Supreme Court overturned his conviction. A representative from the coroner’s office stated that the blood located on Sheppard’s watch represented a blood splatter. This means the watch must have present when the blows were struck (Lyle). A renowned criminalist, Dr. Paul Kirk testified that the blood on the watch was a result of Sheppard checking his wife’s pulse. If so, why was the watch found outside the house? This controversy still surrounds the case. In 2004, Nick Berg was horrifically murdered by insurgents in Iraq. His throat was cut and he was decapitated. His body was found by an Iraqi overpass. The tape was on review on May 11, 2004 for a type of bloodstain analysis. Laura Mansfield, certified in bloodstain analysis by the Laboratory of Forensic Science and is a member of the IABPA, begins her analysis of the footage (Crime Library). It’s reported: â€Å"The time displays 13:45:47 in the lower right corner, the victim is pushed onto his left side where his legs are bent at the knees and raised toward his chest and his arms still tied behind his back. At this point, the video becomes out of focus and essentially useless for the purposes of analysis from approximately 90 frames. As the video comes back into focus, the primary assailant is viewed using the knife to cut the throat of the victim, beginning at the area near his left carotid artery. Almost immediately, blood is seen â€Å"pouring† onto the floor (target surface) from the wound caused by the incision (Crime Library). † There appears to be an edit point. At this point the primary insurgent is no longer holding the knife. â€Å"The individual wearing the white hood and previously standing on the right side of the primary assailant is now using the knife in a saw-like manner, holding the knife in (his) right hand while holding the victims hair with (his) left hand. At 13:47:xx, the individual wearing the white hood ultimately detaches the victim’s head from his body and holds the head outward in (his) left hand, still holding the knife in (his) right (Crime Library). † The frames that follow appear to jump, at which time the victim’s head is completely detached and the primary object in the frame. Through out the video, time changes frequently from military time back to â€Å"regular† time and vice versa. â€Å"Interestingly, the time display on the video changes to 2:46:20 (regular time format) and then switches back to 13:48:45 (military format) while the victim’s head is shown detached from his body in a similar series of frames (Crime Library). † Bloodstain pattern analysis is an age-old technique, which with new technologies and advancements aid in the capture and prosecution of criminals. This analysis procedure is used in many different ways and draw upon a myriad of disciplines. In result of a strict process, bloodstain pattern analysis will prove solid, concrete evidence and is a useful tool in the hands of law enforcement. References IABPA (International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts). Suggested IABPA Terminology List. Date visited 8 April 2006. http://www. iabpa. org/Terminology. pdf Lyle, D. P. , MD. Uncovering the Evidence: Those Messy Bloodstains. Forensics for Dummies. John Wiley & Sons Inc. p. 98 Nick Berg Tape. Crime Library. Court Tv. Date visited 8 April 2006. http://www. crimelibrary. com/about/authors/mansfield/ Wikipedia Online. Bloodstain Pattern Analysis. Date visited 9 April 2006. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Bloodstain_pattern_analysis

Ikea Operations Management Essay

Profile: ikea IKEA is the world’s most successful mass-market retailer, selling Scandinavian-style home furnishings and other house goods in 230 stores in 33 countries and hosting 410 million shoppers per year. An acronym for founder Ingvar Kamprad and his boyhood home of Elmtaryd, Agunnaryd, IKEA began operating in Sweden in 1943 and continues its original ethos based upon cost obsession fused with design culture. No design, no matter how inspired, finds its way into the catalogue if it cannot be made affordable. With an aim of lowering prices across its entire offering by an average of 2% to 3% each year, its signature feature is the flat packed product that customers assemble at home, thus reducing transportation costs. Yet, unlike some peers, IKEA has sustainability at heart and, through an internal mantra of ‘low price but not at any price’ is a leading example of sustainable innovation and business growth.The company designs its own furniture, which is made by about 1,500 suppliers in more than 50 countries. It also sells online and by mail order with the print run for the 2006 catalogue hitting 160 million – more than the Bible, so IKEA claims. Finding the right manufacturer for the right product is a key component of the company’s success. It once contracted with ski makers – experts in bent wood – to manufacture its Poang armchairs, and has tapped makers of supermarket carts to turn out durable sofas. Simplicity, a tenet of Scandinavian design, also helps keep costs down. For example, the 50 cents Trofà © mug comes only in blue and white – the least expensive pigments. IKEA’s conservation drive extends naturally from this cost-cutting. Adding to the challenge, the suppliers and designers work to customize some Ikea products to make them sell better in local markets. That said, the global middle class, that IKEA targets, shares buying habits: The $120 Billy bookcase, $13 Lack side table, and $190 Ivar storage system are its best-sellers worldwide and average spending per customer globally is even similar: According to IKEA, the figure in Russia is $85 per store visit – exactly the same as in statistically more affluent Sweden. IKEA operates approx 25 US stores, which account for 11% of the company’s sales and Germany is its biggest market, accounting for nearly one-fifth of revenue. Sales have been growing steadily each year thanks both to expansion of its store network and the ongoing price cuts – 18 new stores were opened in 2005 and the retailer reduced prices by 3%. Such expansion has kept IKEA’s turnover rising – in 2005 by 17.3% to $18.8 billion from $16.0 billion in 2004. And, although being privately held IKEA’s profit figures are not published, conservative estimates put pretax operating profits at around $1.7 billion. IKEA maintains these profits even while it cuts prices steadily with operating margins of approximately 10% being among the best in home furnishing. To keep growing, IKEA is accelerating store rollouts in both large outlet and new high-street formats. Nineteen new large outlets are set to open worldwide in 2006, at an average cost of $66 million per store. The firm plans to boost their profile in three of its fastest-growing markets: In Russia, where it is already a huge success in Moscow, in China, where is has a strong footprint, and in the US, where the goal is to have 50 outlets by 2010. IKEA demonstrates that, when underpinned by strategic partnerships with manufacturers and suppliers, providing access to affordable contemporary design, in an exciting, yet simple format can be a winning formula. Where and when did IKEA start? What does IKEA stand for? Who founded IKEA? Find out all about the history of IKEA and the timeline of the store’s development in this article. IKEA founder, Ingvar KampradIngvar Kamprad The founder of IKEA, Ingvar Kamprad, began his business career as a young boy selling matches purchased in bulk individually for a profit to his neighbors near Agunnaryd. As his business grew, he expanded to selling fish, seeds, Christmas decorations and eventually, pencils and ball-point pens which were a new phenomenon in 1935. He was very clever in utilizing his resources – he delivered his goods by bicycle, and later used the local milk delivery vehicle to make deliveries. IKEA In 1943, with a gift from his father, Ingvar established his business, using his initials, Ingvar Kamprad, the name of the farm on which he was born, Elmtaryd and the village nearby, Agunnaryd for the acronym. At this time, he was selling everything from pens and wallets to watches and nylon stockings by going door to door and selling directly to his customers. By 1945, the first advertisements for IKEA began showing up in local newspapers and he had developed a rudimentary catalog. IKEA Catalog Locally manufactured furniture first showed up in the IKEA product range in 1947 and was received positively by its customers. It wasn’t until 1951 however that Ingvar began to focus only on furniture and discontinued all other products from the IKEA product range. The first IKEA furniture catalog was published that same year and 2 years later, in response to competition, the first furniture showroom opened in the village of Älmhult. This same competition caused other furniture stores and manufacturers to put pressure on suppliers to boycott IKEA which led to the critical decision to design their own furniture beginning in 1955. IKEA Flat Pack Furniture ikea_lovet_table.jpgIt’s difficult to overstate the importance of this turn of events. Designing furniture for their own stores allowed IKEA to focus on low prices, improve function and ultimately led to the success of the company. Around this time, an employee removed the legs of a table in order to fit it into the trunk of a car and avoid transportation damage, which began IKEA thinking about designing furniture to be flat packed. In 1956, IKEA began testing the concept of flat pack to reduce costs through reduced transportation expenses, lowered storage space requirements, decreased transportation damage and reductions in labor costs. The IKEA Lovet table, pictured left, was the first IKEA product designed as flat pack furniture. http://www.ikeafans.com/ikea/ikea-history/ikea-history.html Ingvar Kamprad The founder of IKEA, Ingvar Kamprad, began his business career as a young boy selling matches purchased in bulk individually for a profit to his neighbors near Agunnaryd. As his business grew, he expanded to selling fish, seeds, Christmas decorations and eventually, pencils and ball-point pens which were a new phenomenon in 1935. He was very clever in utilizing his resources – he delivered his goods by bicycle, and later used the local milk delivery vehicle to make deliveries. History of IKEA IKEA was founded in Älmhult, Sweden, in 1943 by Ingvar Kamprad. He founded the company at the age of 17. IKEA is an acronym incidentally similar to the Greek word ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ ¯ÃŽ ± [oikia] which means (home) and to the Finnish word oikea (correct, right), but actually was originally an abbreviation for â€Å"Ingvar Kamprad Elmtaryd Agunnaryd†. Ingvar Kamprad Elmtaryd Agunnaryd comes from the address where Ingvar Kamprad started the company IKEA initially. Originally, IKEA sold pens, wallets, picture frames, table runners, watches, jewelry and nylon stockings or practically anything Kamprad decided is a needed product on reduced price. Furniture was first added to the IKEA product range in 1948. In 1955, IKEA began to design its own furniture. The company motto is: â€Å"Affordable Solutions for Better Living.† At first, Kamprad sold his goods out of his home and by mail order. Later a store was opened in the town of Älmhult. It was also the location for the first IKEA â€Å"warehouse† store which came to serve as a model for IKEA establishments elsewhere. On March 23, 1963, the first store outside Sweden was opened in Asker, a Norwegian municipality outside Oslo. IKEA has grown step by step into the world’s largest furniture retailer. There are 202 Ikea stores in 32 countries. Of these, 180 stores belong to the Ikea Group. The remaining 22 stores are owned and run by franchisees outside the Ikea Group. Products Available IKEA’s products are used from the customers for the whole furnishing of a home. Customers may find everything they need and basically furnish their houses â€Å"from the forks to the chairs†. The products available are: * Storage furniture; * TV solutions; * Small storages; * Sofas and armchairs; * Tables and desks; * Chairs and lighting; * Decoration and mirrors; * Floors; * Textiles and rugs; * Beds and mattresses; * Cooking and eating; * Furniture care and hardware; * Kitchen cabinets and appliances; * Bathroom furniture; * Clothes storages; * Safety products;

Fieldwork essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fieldwork - Essay Example Humans exhibit certain notable signs while communicating and these signs are known to come out of subconscious straightforwardly. The emblems are set of gestures that are universally understood and comprehended throughout the globe and meanings associated with these actions vary culture to culture as well. The most important of these are called illustrators and they are unconsciously used in order to backup one’s words. The negative expressions are strongly related with nods, parallel moment of Index figures. The positive thoughts are attached with subtle physical clues while, the information of danger is communicated with the help of showing one’s palms to others and the voice ingredient intensifies itself when we talk with energy and enthusiasm and similar developments can occur with redness of face when somebody is angry or sorrowful. Adaptors are set of gestures that indicate that a person is comfortable with the current conversation. People are famous for leaning back and relaxing themselves when they are communicating with close friends and family. They unknowingly invade personal spaces of each other as well. Additionally, human body moves towards the individuals for whom we have certain feelings of closeness and affection. However, generally we move away from those who appear undesirable for us and these gestures are referred to as Regulators. Final version of expressions is duly motivated with the presence of emotions. The Affect Displays give the clues about the emotional state of the person. The chins are likely to drop when oneself is going through emotional pain whereas, anger can make humans breath heavily and increasing intensity of voice is almost bound to accompany the feeling of rage. The collective of abovementioned symptoms can be used in order to decipher one’s emotional state. The practi tioners of Emotional Intelligence have the ability

Mystery story Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mystery story - Assignment Example They were fat and lazy and were always given waste fish by the fisherman when they came through. There were always at least five of the birds hanging around, usually more like 20 or 30. After telling his mom about the missing pole, she immediately went to work. From her perspective, it was property stolen from the store and something that would cost her an extra $150 to replace. After making sure of the last time Brian had seen his pole, as he helped Thomas unload Wide Load of his early morning catch of bait shrimp, she began listing off who might be the possible suspects. Thomas obviously wouldn’t have taken it as he was already down for his morning nap in the hammock underneath the shop. â€Å"Let’s see, the shop hasn’t been that busy today,† she said. â€Å"Old Peterson came in with a group who needed some bait. We had those teenagers from up north come in a while ago wanting to fish from the dock, but they were mad about the dock fee, so they left. Oh, yeah, and crazy Joe was here when I got here, I had to run him off again. I wish someone would take him in. One of them must have taken your pole.† At that point, Brian felt it was hopeless. How were they ever going to find a group of rowdy northern teenagers, a homeless man and a boat full of tourists floating somewhere in the Gulf of Mexico? But his mom was never one to give up. Old Eddy’s was a bait shop when it’s owner had been alive, but he’d died more than 10 years ago and no one had bothered opening up again. The pilings for the old docks were still there, and some of the docks were even still in place, but the building had blown down during the last hurricane season and all the locals knew the spot was dangerously unstable. Tourists, though, usually thought they’d found a way of outsmarting the paid docks around town. Even before they’d stopped the truck, Brian and his mom

Juvenile Recidivism Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Juvenile Recidivism - Research Proposal Example The following review covers a relevant time span, a wide range of factors that have an impact on recidivism amongst juveniles, a wide variety of peer-reviewed articles, and guidance on what areas should be considered to support further inquiry factors impacting juvenile recidivism. Moreover, a plethora of methods in multiple regions of the world are considered to illustrate the common links in treatment for juvenile offenders and what role that plays in recidivism. Patterns are identified throughout the articles as well as unique aspects of study and focus. Kevin Minor, James Wells, and Ear1 Angel compiled a 2008 study that explores how release from residential placements impact juvenile recidivism depending on multivariate predictors and gender differences. The data indicated that â€Å"only gender, age, victimization history, and presence of special education needs significantly predicted recidivism† of the variables that were tested (Minor, Wells, & Angel, 2008). The research span over an 18-month time span and tested a sample of 580 juvenile offenders that were released from out-of-home placements. The article’s strengths can be attributed to the method testing 33 possible predicators for juvenile recidivism. That provides a wide range of factors and may demonstrate how the factors relate to one another. The results state that males are impacted significantly by certain variables in comparison to females. Yet, both genders’ recidivism rates are directly impacted by out-of-home placements. Moreover, the authorsà ¢â‚¬â„¢ implications for further research are offered as well as a critique of the shortfalls of other research on juvenile recidivism. Also, the role of residential treatment has allowed clinicians to play a role in answering what impact recidivism rates amongst juveniles. Nancy Calley and Emily Richardson (2011) examined the influential factors related to the

Arts and culture of Baroque period Research Paper

Arts and culture of Baroque period - Research Paper Example Artists in this period were known for their habit and love for artwork that revealed the fantastic energy and induced emotional reactions from various individuals in the society. Thus, the onlookers and admirers of various artworks exhibited a range of emotional reactions. Equally important, Baroque art was widely known for the use of bright colors and selective illumination of figures. The artists were dynamic in their works revealing various senses of movement while drawing. Furthermore, these artists drew images that were direct and distinct to different people in the community. Although these images were obvious, creative artists made them dramatic. They did this by using dramatic colors and effects on their work. Moreover, they enhanced their artworks by ensuring continuous overlapping of element and figures in their drawings. During this period, there were numerous talented artists whose work were admirable and highly demanded. Although the artists were many, the rules required the every artist to work specifically for or under one patron at a time. The number of patrons at that time was equally large since the demand for the artwork was high. According to the article Baroque art, patrons such as the church, secular government and the courts among other were in need of artists. The rules and regulations set by the artist/patron relationship act empowered patrons giving them total control and authority over contracted artists. Although this rule worked for a very long period, it later changed.

Fredrick Douglas' Experiences with Learning to Read, Write, and Life Essay

Fredrick Douglas' Experiences with Learning to Read, Write, and Life After Slavery - Essay Example Douglas underwent rigorous struggle in order to educate himself first out of curiosity and then out of appreciation for education. He realized early on that the real way out of slavery’s clutches was to educate himself so that he could defend his claim to freedom. As per Douglas, the book Columbian Orator impressed him at an early age and left a sizable impression on him. Douglas seems highly taken back at the tender age of twelve by the ideas presented in the book especially in connection of the slave and master argument presented in the text (Douglas). This interaction with knowledge especially Douglas’s interaction with Columbian Orator can be seen as the defining moment in his life because it is then that Douglas realizes that a slave can match up to a free man. Given also the fact that the slave out maneuvers his master through argument (that is an application of knowledge) Douglas was impressed with this method to resolve the slavery problem. On a personal scale D ouglas is liberated and free as soon as he realizes that his freedom lies with no one else but his own intellectual capabilities. This realization is enough to transform Douglas from a poor oppressed slave to someone who can stand up for his rights. While Douglas was progressing on intellectual fronts, he was confronted with opposition from the very person who had initiated his learning in the first place. Douglas was taught the alphabet by his master’s wife who tended to treat him as an equal human being. However, after repeated warnings from Douglas’s master, his mistress began to distance herself from Douglas’s education till she became totally opposed to it. Initially she helped Douglas to learn the alphabet and to read a little but afterwards she would humiliate Douglas if he were caught with a newspaper, book or other such material even in his private time. Such behavior drove Douglas’s curiosity even further so that he solicited the help of white b oys his age in order to learn to read. Essentially the maltreatment meted out to Douglas due to his intellectual curiosity led Douglas to explore education as a means of liberation. It is at this point that Douglas begins to wonder if he will ever be given freedom (Douglas) and possibly it is at this point that Douglas begins to rely on intellect to claim and consummate his personal freedom. As Douglas’s life proceeded one of his masters Covey was bent upon breaking the spirit of the young Douglas through torture. Douglas would often receive beatings at the hands of Covey especially in the form of whipping when he was only sixteen years old. Rather than back down from his position as a teacher of other slaves and a proponent of freedom, Douglas chose to stand up to Covey. A physical show down between Covey and Douglas ensured that Covey would not touch Douglas for the rest of his life. The mere idea of equality as a human being was enough for Douglas to take onto his master g iven that such an action was taboo for its era. However, this does not indicate that Douglas became a rebellious character as his age progressed. Instead Douglas assumed a peaceful path that relied exclusively on education, knowledge and intellect in order to deliver himself and others like him from slavery. After claiming his freedom Douglas began an exciting career as an abolitionist and helped

Cloud Computing Energy Efficiency Research Proposal - 1

Cloud Computing Energy Efficiency - Research Proposal Example result, companies have been moving their operations such as emails, word processing and spreadsheets as well as CRM to the cloud in order to server energy [5]. Generally, the concerns regarding the environmental impacts as well as the energy needs of data centers such as the cloud has been growing with the exponential increase in data centers. Consequently, the potential gains in energy efficiency by moving the software of businesses to the cloud are largely attributed to the fact that the data centers and servers currently hosting cloud services are significantly more efficient and green than the IT infrastructure that is currently used by most companies [8]. These energy savings are particularly significant for smaller companies which often tend to possess some of the most inefficient IT services. Despite the general agreement that cloud computing is currently more efficient than many of its alternatives, the implementation of cloud computing has faced a number of power and energy consumption concerns particularly with regard to the power and energy consumed by the modern cloud computing systems and data center equipment as well as the connected cooling systems [5]. The energy is mainly consumed when transporting the required data from the users to the cloud data centers and then back. Data centers currently consume nearly 1.4% of the entire global electrical energy with an average growth rate of 12% annually [11]. Skeptics argue that the greenhouse gas production associated with the power consumption at data centers is will double in the near future if the current popularity of cloud services continues. Moreover, the high consumption of power also often results in the release of heat which may further cause energy inefficiencies due to increased amount of energy required for removing the heat(cooling) as well as the high probability of hardware system failures [1]. Another potential cloud computing energy efficiency problem is the increasing greenhouse gas

Research Planning of the Travel Lodge Hotel in the UK Assignment

Research Planning of the Travel Lodge Hotel in the UK - Assignment Example However, in the present scenario, the hotel chain is under private ownership and do not have merged operations with the Travelodge located in the United States. The company was founded in the year1985 by Lord Forte who had bought the brand of Travelodge that was in the United States and established it in the United Kingdom. From 1985 to the present scenario the company has been able to sustain in the market because of its good quality bedrooms and dining facilities and the cost-effective approach that it incorporates in the business operations. Â  There is a great need for the company to conduct the research so as to know the exact reasons behind the low performance in relation to other competitors in the industry. The research would even reveal as to what are the measures in term of digital communication and social media that needs to be considered by the company so that it is able to interact more effectively with its existing customer base. The research to be conducted in this field is also very essential as it would help the company to survive the competition and even know the areas the customers feel that the company should improve upon in terms of digital communication and social media so that a more effective communication platform is established between the customers and the organization. Â  The research criteria of the company are based on understanding how it can improve the usage of social media so that there is more of interaction with the existing customers. The goal of the research is to compare the social media and digital communication platform that is used by other players in the hotel industry with that of Travel Lodge Hotel of UK (Armstrong, Kotler, Harker and Brennan, 2009).

Study Skills Preparing for and Taking Tests Research Paper

Study Skills Preparing for and Taking Tests - Research Paper Example This paper will describe strategies for preparing for and sitting tests. In this paper, it will be assumed that the exam and test mean the same thing and the two words will be used interchangeably. Hall (2010) advises that test preparation begins on the very first day a student enters the school. This is because all that may be tested during the exams include even the lessons that were taught on the very first day. In Hall’s view, test preparation starts by paying a lot of attention in class and taking an active part in a class by taking lecture notes. No student should ignore note taking because lecture notes are good for future reference considering that the human brain cannot grasp everything at ago. Students should also engage the lecturer by asking questions in areas that have not been well explained or those which the student feels that he/she needs additional clarification on. This is important because such areas are likely to be tested. This implies that failing to ask questions may mark the beginning of failure in tests. It is common that lecturers leave assignments immediately after a lecture. Students who intend to pass tests highly must always take advantage of these assignments by completing all of them in time. They should also take the assignments to the lecturers for marking, and seek assistance on questions that were wrongly answered. Completing assignments and taking them for marking may be the key to passing exams because some tests are directly taken from the assignments given in class by the lecturers. It is also important for students to engage in reviewing what they have learned regularly so as to avoid forgetting concepts previously learned. To effectively do this, a student must utilize his/her time well. It is, therefore, imperative for the learner to make a personal timetable which acts as a guide on how the time is to be spent on reviewing the notes.

Roadmap to the Development Process of Toyota Prius Essay Example for Free

Roadmap to the Development Process of Toyota Prius Essay Toyota Motor Corporation is a famous Japanese multinational corporation, and is considered the world’s second largest automaker of automobiles, trucks, buses, robots, and providing financial services. When Toyota and other Japanese carmakers entered the American market, they were not considered as a threat to the American auto industry because it was believed their cars had no appeal to American consumers However, in the 1970s, due to several problems like environmental regulations, and quality control issues with American cars, a good number of American car owners began searching for alternatives to poorly made American cars. In response to these changes, Toyota and other Japanese carmakers aggressively marketed their cars to Americans as being fuel-efficient, environmentally friendly, and having better build quality than American cars. In addition, Toyota marketed their cars with commercials involving young Toyota drivers jumping in the air. As a result, the Japanese’s marketing campaign along with continuing problems from the Big Three auto manufacturers, allowed import cars to make up about 20 percent of the US car market by 1980. Stage1. General Motors, Ford and Daimler-Chrysler focused in the late 1990s on mergers and acquisitions for improving their business positions to meet future challenges. Toyota, meanwhile, centered its business strategy on technological innovation and persistent environmental product development. The price of oil was not especially high during the 1990s when Toyota started its hybrid car program. Oil prices were below US $20 barrel in 1994 and were to fall to a 50-year low around 1997 when the Toyota Prius was first sold in Japan. Clearly something else was driving Toyota and other Japanese companies to invest so heavily in hybrid car development. There are three probable reasons: 1 . High petrol taxes in Japan, due to the Japanese government wanting to reduce the dependence of Japan on imported oil. While this would have certainly driven the Japanese development of hybrid cars, petrol was cheap in the key US market at this time. 2) The potential to gain a market advantage by developing the key technologies required to successfully commercialize hybrid cars, and then owning these developments via patents. 3) The expectation that ownership of these key fuel savings technologies would become very valuable when world oil prices rise from the lows of the mid-1990s, which was a fair long-term assumption to make during this period. Stage2: Decision Making Process: In 1994, the executive team acknowledged the potential threat of depleting oil reserves and climate change and change their strategy or products to meet the needs of future customers. Course of Action: Toyota set up a group tasked with meeting the challenge of creating a vehicle for the 21st century, which would work within the parameters of natural resource constraints and environmental issues. Commitment to course of action: Toyota pioneered the concept of Hybrid (petrol/electric) technology to mass produce the world’s first eco-efficient vehicle, the Toyota Prius. Evaluation of decision/re-engineering: The first prototype of the car had even faced starting problem. It took almost six months to roll the car. Finally, when the car started, it moved for a few yards only. It was hard to imagine that Toyota, which was known for its efficient production systems, was facing such trouble. Initially it felt that ‘Prius’ was a case of technological problems, impossible demands and multiple miscalculations. It proved how a great company could overcome obstacles and turn a dream into reality. Though ‘Prius’ represented only a small fraction of the nine million cars and trucks that the Japanese company planned to produce in 2006, it would be the first vehicle to provide a serious alternative to internal combustion engines, designed for a world of scarce oil and was branded as ‘The car for the future’. Stage3: Toyota carefully studied the US market and sees there is a growing oil crisis and foresees a need for change in the structure for cars, converting their needs to oil saving cars. While American car manufactures lacked producing such cars, then Toyota caught that opportunity and tried to occupy this niche market. By 2002, it was being sold in North America, Japan, Europe, Hong Kong, Australia and Singapore. Analysts opined that the demand for hybrid cars would rise because of the unstable oil prices and the growing need for environment friendly products. Post Evaluation By examining the external environment and acknowledging the potential threats of depleting resources and increased concern over environmental issues, Toyota have turned a threat into a business opportunity, boosting their reputation both as an environmentally conscious and as technological innovators and established themselves as leaders in this growing market. The car industry faces many complex issues, but the introduction of the Prius provided Toyota with a competitive advantage. RoadMap to the development Process of Toyota Prius. Stage1| Stage2| Stage3| Executive level| 1 Expressed concern about the future of the automobile2. Embarked a new project called G21 to the team3. Communicated the vision and priorities to the team| 1. The executive team acknowledged the potential threat of depleting oil2. Challenged the team for the innovation of new model using new technology| 1. Toyota unveiled the Prius in Japan in October 1997, two months ahead of schedule. 2. Made strategy plans for introducing cars to US and other prospective continents| Management and Team level| 1. Engaged in improving the existing internal combustion engine technology2. Started making refinements to the existing technology | 1. Team committed to the course of action using hybrid technology. 2. Came up with around 80 alternatives. 3. Identified numerous problems heat, reliability, noise, and cost. 4. Narrowed the list to four models. 5. After endless fussing and tweaking, the team finally reached 66 miles per gallon the 100% mileage improvement. | 1. Team has started putting efforts towards with second and third generation Prius. 2. Redesigned the model for making it more appealing to the consumers. | Marketing /Sales Team| 1. Identification of the growing oil prices. 2. Identification of Growing middle class around the world. | 1. Raised the concern that Premium price for the hybrid would make it impossible to sell. 2. Challenged with building consumer technology awareness. | 1. Devised new marketing ways to cut down dealership costs in US. 2. Devised new ways to boost the sales through internet, relied on grass-roots marketing, and public relations events|.

Emotional Disorder Essay Example for Free

Emotional Disorder Essay There is no clear agreement as to what constitutes â€Å"good emotional health,† and it is difficult to measure emotional function with any degree of precision. It is probably safe to say that (1) all people display disorder or inappropriate behavior at certain times, (2) behavior is strongly influenced by an individual’s ethnic and cultural background, and (3) the label of â€Å"emotionally disturbed† itself have a negative effect on a person’s behavior and on the way in which other people interact with the individual so labeled. It is generally agreed, however, that to be classified as having an emotional or behavioral disability that requires treatment, a person’s behavior must deviate markedly and chronically from established societal and cultural norms. The extent to which an individual can function in major life roles is an important rehabilitation consideration, with severe mental illness (or chronic mental illness) defined by diagnosis, duration, and attendant disability. Role impairment occurs in severe of the following five areas: (1) self care and direction, (2) interpersonal relationships, (3) learning and leisure activities, (4) independent living, and (5) economic self-sufficiency. Caution should always be used in applying the designation of â€Å"emotionally disturbed† to anyone. Some individuals with visual impairments have been viewed as exhibiting behavior patterns that are â€Å"deviant† or â€Å"abnormal† primarily because of others’ limited understanding of blindness and their lack of ability to assess the emotional states of clients who are visually impaired. Parents as the root of the problem There is a wealth of educational and psychological research starting that â€Å"dysfunctional families† produce dysfunctional children. † Professionals tend to see parents as hostile, indifferent, uninterested, uncooperative, and the source of their children’s problems (Leitch Tangri, 1998). Recent studies indicate that this foundational belief in parents as the root if their child’s emotional disability or school difficulties remains steadfast. Teachers view parents as the source of their children’s problems and believe that the parents are in need of help themselves (Bailey, Buyssee, Edmonson, Smith, 1992; Friesen Ehlers, 1994; Mickelson, 2000). Additionally, teachers tend to view minority culture parents through biased eyes that that lead to misunderstanding. Yet in their study of African American, Hispanic American, Native American, and European American parents, Geenen, Powers, and Lopez Vasquez (2001) found that the culturally and linguistically diverse parents were active in special education transition planning activities. Emotional disability is particularly prevalent during and following an acute cardiac illness, especially heart attack. Approximately two-thirds of such individuals will have some disturbing emotional response, most commonly anxiety and or/depression. To some extent, the magnitude of the emotional response is a function of the client’s personality. The person, who was chronically dissatisfied, chronically depressed, hypochrondriacal, or hard driving, time-conscious and goal-oriented is more apt to respond with a significant and possibly disabling degree of anxiety and/ or depression. Although these personality types are often present, it should not be assumes that personality types are often present, it should not be assumed that personality patterns are always the cause of persistent anxiety or depression following an acute cardiac illness.

Case Study of Probation and Risk Management

Case Study of Probation and Risk Management Introduction The report is being completed to ensure the offender in question will cause no harm to himself or the community. Mr Jones will be released in 6 months after serving the minimum term required. Currently awaiting help from staff involved with the Through the Gate (TTG) programme (Ministry of Justice, 2014) to help with the transition, this will be his first point of contact once released. As the offence carried out by Mr Jones incorporated a violent act the HCR-20 will be used. This tool is appropriate for the offence committed by Mr Jones as the HCR-20 is designed specifically for violent offending and is a psychological decision-making tool, used throughout forensic settings (Douglas, Hart, Webster, Belfrage, Guy, Vilson, 2014). He was sentenced for causing Grievous Bodily Harm (GBH) to his neighbour and has prior motive for the use of GBH when he attacked his girlfriend, he received a community order for said offence. HCR-20 v3 H1: Presence=Yes, Relevance=High Mr. Jones first expressed violence towards a family pet at the age of 13. There is a link between childhood animal cruelty and offending (Holoyda Newman, 2016; Plant, Van Schaik, Gullone and Flynn, 2016). He often threw items around the house when angry and he was often suspended from school due to fighting. H2: Presence=Yes, Relevance=High As a young child, he was involved in antisocial behaviours that affected both his education and his home life, at 9 years old he was often out to all hours. Antisocial behaviours occur if the prosocial skills are not met and those who suffer with childhood antisocial behaviour are more likely as an adult to offend (Robins, 1978; Patterson, Debaryshe, Ramsey, 1990). H3: Presence=Yes, Relevance=High Although non-intimate relationships were bad, intimate relationships were a serious problem for Mr Jones, he had a difficult relationship with his father who abused him. Childhood maltreatment is associated with anti-social personality disorder and abused children are more at risk of violent offending (Dargis, Newman Koegnis, 2015; Wright, Turanovic, ONeil, Morse Booth, 2016). H4: Presence=Yes, Relevance=Low In terms of his employment, Mr Jones lost an apprenticeship opportunity when he was 16 and before his sentence he was unable to hold down a job. An increase in violence post-childhood sees only 14.3% employed full-time (Cauffman, Fine, Thoman Monahan, 2017) and intentional injury to a partner was also associated with intermittent employment (Kyriacou, Anglin, Tallaferro, Stone, Tubb, Lindenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦1999). H5: Presence=Yes, Relevance=Medium Mr Jones suffered with alcoholism and drug problems, mainly cannabis and amphetamines. Those who experienced trauma are more likely to use marijuana which is linked to the levels of violence used (Burjaski, McDaniel, Lewis, Leen-Feldner Feldner, 2016). H6: Presence=Possibly, Relevance=Medium There is a possibility that Mr Jones suffers from a mood disorder due to his sudden outbursts and change in mood, he explained how he could feel happy one minute and angry the next. H7: Presence-Omit, Relevance=Omit In regards to personality disorder Mr Jones is being referred for an assessment for anti-social personality disorder. Mr Jones experienced severe impulsivity in terms of his emotions which lead to anger which is mainly associated with personality disorders (Howard, 2016). H8: Presence=Yes, Relevance=Medium As a child, Mr Jones mentioned how his father assaulted both his mother, siblings and himself. When discussing this, he appeared very agitated and detached from the situation. As a child, having witnessed parental violence was linked with adult violence and drug or alcohol abuse, as well as the likelihood of using assaultive methods (Straus, 1991). H9: Presence=Yes, Relevance=High Mr Jones attitude towards his own personal violence does not leave much to be desired. He constantly blames others for his own violent outbursts and when he acknowledges these he condones his behaviour with some form of rationale. H10: Presence=Yes, Relevance=Low He attended substance misuse groups but unfortunately still felt he would continue using drugs and held this negative attitude throughout the session. Based on drug and alcohol screening, Mr Jones had neither in his body at the time of the offence. OC-H: Presence=Yes, Relevance=Medium His education could play a role in his offending and anti-socialness as he never succeeded academically. The negative experience at school could lead to violent behaviours (Smith, Park, Ireland, Elwyn Thornberry, 2012). C1: Presence=Yes, Relevance=High Mr Jones insight is poor regarding his offence, drug abuse as well as the possibility of having a mental illness. Regarding the assessment of mental illness Mr Jones voices his opinion relating to the matter. He believes that he does not suffer from a mental condition. Evidence regarding his behaviour states otherwise as for those who use substances and have a mental illness (dual diagnosis), violence is more common (Guebert Oliver, 2014). C2: Presence=No, Relevance=Medium His intent to commit a violent act is low, he has explained how he wants to start afresh, with a new job and someday with a wife and children. The planning for a job when released should have already been started to help him gain employment (Houses of commons work and pensions committee, 2017), once a job has been obtained Mr Jones can start looking to the future. The cause of his violent outbursts is due to the anger he feels, he has mentioned he often feels angry, leading to violence. C3: Presence=Possibly, Relevance=Medium Based on what he has described regarding his feelings and emotions there is a potentiality for a mood disorder of some form. An assessment on mood disorder is required with regards to both major mental and psychotic disorders. Anger links with unipolar depression and is mostly associated with major depressive episodes (Judd, Schettler, Coryell, Aklskal, Fledorowicz, 2013). C4: Presence=Yes, Relevance=High Both mood and behaviour are an issue for Mr Jones and his mood fluctuates from day to day. Struggles with emotions and anger is associated with offending (Harrison,2012). C5: Presence=Yes, Relevance=Low Mr Jones has attended substance misuse groups but his attitude was poor. He seemed to not benefit from these at all with no attitude change to drugs which increases the risk of reoffending (Milkman Wanberg, 2012). OC-C: Presence=Yes, Relevance=High Mr Jones holds grudges against those who annoy him, his assault on his neighbour is a good indication of this. Fantasising is clinically linked with those who hold grudges and these elaborations can help strengthen the emotional well-being on that individual (Hollin, 2005). R1: Presence=Yes, Relevance=Low Regarding alcohol and drug focus groups Mr Jones has no problem with attending these but he does not find them useful, he still has the same belief. Regarding the offence neither of these substances are related. R2: Presence=Possibly, Relevance=Low Based on his intimate and non-intimate relations, Mr Jones may find it hard to find suitable accommodation, it is important he is helped when released as 55% of those with accommodation problems reoffend within one year (May, Sharma Stewart, 2008). R3: Presence=Possibly, Relevance=High His family relationships, friendships and intimate relationships all appear to be unstable. Theres constant rows between Mr Jones and members of his family or friends affecting his mental health and anger. R4: Presence=Yes, Relevance=Low Mr Jones will experience problems with receiving help in the future, attendance is superb but his learning and listening is appalling. R5: Presence=Possibly, Relevance=Medium Its established that Mr Jones certainly struggles with coping more so than stress. His coping strategy is his anger and he uses this to deal with an event (Daffern, Jones Shine, 2010). Formulation of Violence Risk The 3 Ps model will be used to gain a better understanding of the factors associated with his offence. The 3 Ps stand for: problematic, persistent and pervasive. This report shall focus on the main issues that Mr Jones experiences and relate it to the model (NOMS, NHS, 2015). Problematic These factors are classified as abnormal and cause difficulties both for Mr Jones and family or friends. To begin with the main factor that fits this title is his mental health and substance abuse. Mr Jones has not yet been assessed for both a mental health disorder or personality disorder. However, the use of cannabis is linked with an increased risk of a depressive disorder (Lev-Ran, Roarecke, Le Fol George, 2013) . With relation to the assessment of personality disorder, anger is a common theme with people who experience antisocial personality disorder (Genovese, Dalrymple, Chelminski Zimmerman, 2017; Howard, 2016) hence the need for the assessments. Persistent These are factors that were present in their adolescent years and have moved forwards with them into their adult life. For Mr Jones, there was previous use of violence in his teenage years which has now progressed into his adulthood. The risk of violence could be linked to the experience he had as a child at the hands of his father; ultimately impacting on the relationships he had with others. His first offence involved him attacking his girlfriend, he was found guilty of causing harm and the role of unemployment could explain the attack (Kyriacou et al, 1999). The behavioural perspective of offending suggests that a violent behaviour is learnt through witnessing it and then imitating the behaviour (Nietzel, Hasemann Lynam, 1999). This affected his relationships as violence would be viewed as acceptable. Widom (1989) discovered that those who were physically abused used violence the most in adulthood. It is highly possible that due to the trauma experienced, not only did he learn to act this way but it was the only way he could cope (Day, Davey, Wanaganeen, Howells, De Santolo Nakata, 2008). Pervasive The final of the 3 Ps looks at impairment within social and personal areas of their lives. The education that Mr Jones received was inadequate and could explain why he struggles in social situations. Mr Jones education was considerably lacking in the help he required, he was often violent and suspended from school. The teachers showed little to no interest in him and when they did it was only to tell him off. According to Arum and Beattie (1999) lack of education is an indicator for illegal behaviours and lack of respect to authority. His education is an explanation for why he was antisocial (Walsh, 2007) and explains why he failed to hold down a job. It appears based on the evidence obtained that the main cause of Mr Jones violent behaviour is the abuse he suffered as a child. It also points to severe mental health problems which in turn could have developed long after the abuse had diminished. In regards to psychological theory, attachment theory plays a major role. Mr Jones has the inability to establish attachments with people more so as his abuser was his parent. When an attachment is effected; the individual involved becomes detached. There is a strong link between insecure attachments and mental health issues (Macinnes, Macphearson, Austin Schwannauer, 2016). Mr Jones social and emotional development as a child was damaged by the trauma due to its nature. The damage inflicted on his emotional development impacted on his ability to feel remorseful and regarding his social development, made it difficult for him to establish secure relationships (Folger, Putnam, Putnam, Peugh, EIsmann, Saà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦2016). Mr Jones risk would be considered moderate, although he struggles with feeling remorse; he has made it abundantly clear that he wants help to change and to make himself a better person. He has openly admitted about his anger issues, his fluctuation in mood and how this effects his life. Mr Jones wants to be able to live a normal life with a secure job and intimate relationships. Self-determination theory relates to this situation as Mr Jones is aware that if he gets the help needed the reward gained is being able to have a job and a family. The outcome would be different if he believed that the reward obtained was not relating to the activity (treatment) he needed to partake in. If the reward gained correlates directly with the activity then this positively affects his motivation for change (Deci, 2012). Future Violence As Mr Jones, has been convicted of completing two acts of Grievous Bodily Harm (GBH) it is likely the next offence would be severe and it would be about 6-12 months before he committed a violent attack based on his previous history. The victims would be people he knows (family, friends, partners), there seems to be no evidence of randomized acts against people unknown to him so the public would be of no concern. The motivation for future attacks would be dependent on his emotional state at the time of the incident. It may happen purely out of anger or it could be because an act is ongoing, such as the previous incident with his neighbour. The severity of the incident would be again dependent on his emotional state and whether he is intoxicated with alcohol, drugs or both. It could cause lasting psychological and physical damage to the victim especially if they were not expecting it, if Mr Jones was provoked then the attack could be foreseen by the individual(s). Although Mr Jones certainly has anger issues, there appears to be no clear relation to a life-threatening incident. If this was the case, Mr Jones would have already acted upon his frustration and aggression. In respect to his violent outbursts there are certain things that can be looked for. If Mr Jones appears tense, frustrated/angry or provoked then these would be the typical indications of a violent attack. In the case of Mr Jones, violence is likely to occur no more than once a year, which could be altered with the correct treatment. However, it is not time limited due to his emotional instability, as his moods are constantly up and down it would be difficult to put a time predictor on his violent behaviour. Risk Management Plan Mr Jones should be monitored both whilst he is still in prison and once released. Regular appointments should be made with both a probation officer and his appointed Psychologist. He should be reassessed if his anger results in a fight or major dispute with either prisoners on his wing or staff. Once released Mr Jones should be monitored via the use of electronic systems. He could be fitted with a TAG to ensure he meets a curfew and the conditions of his release or GPS tracking could be used. Research into the use of electronic monitoring has been completed throughout the world. The most recent study by Lima Machado, De Sousa, De Oliveria Alberquerque, Garcia Villalba Kim (2017) discovered that the results of an algorithm could be applied to supporting risk assessment in relation to monitoring of re-offending. They looked at the offenders social stance to see if any crimes were being committed or planned. With regards to the use of the electronic tag it was found to be cost-effectiv e as it was cheaper than keeping the offender in prison. The results suggested that those who received the electronic tag were no more likely to offend then those who did not receive it (Marie, Moreton Goncalves, 2011). Weekly check ins with his probation officer should be arranged to ensure he is still on track regarding his release order. The events that should be looked for after release relate to arguments with family/friends or known associates (neighbours) and his levels of anger when present at his check ins. Mr Jones level of anger appears to be the main concern regarding the treatment required. There are several offender behaviour programmes (OBP) that might be useful. To begin with he should attend the CALM programme. This looks at his anger problems, teaching him to manage it and control it so it does not become a problem for him in the future (HMPS, 2017). It is mainly suitable for those where anger played a role in their offence (Canter, 2013) and involves attending 24 sessions lasting two hours and often having to attend two sessions a week. To ensure Mr Jones is making progress regular reports will be made throughout the programme and involves asking questions at the start and end of the programme to see if there have been any alterations (*What is Calm?*, 2010). Once the CALM programme has been completed, it is important that his violent behaviour is tackled. Although he has expressed that he uses drugs and alcohol they played no role in his offence and so are not a priority currently. The RESOLVE programme would work with Mr Jones and uses cognitive-behavioural interventions which aim to reduce the risk of violence, to prevent him from causing serious harm in the future (HMPS, 2017). It involves attending 21 weekly group centred sessions as well as four one-to-one sessions to track progress (RESOLVE what is RESOLVE, 2014). The amount of people who needed this form of treatment increased to 1683 in the year 2014/2015 this increase meant for a more structured approach to resources for treating violence (HM Government, 2014). The OSAP programme should also be completed to help him with his drug and alcohol problems. It mainly focuses on changing attitudes towards drug/alcohol abuse to prevent reoffending. In past treatments Mr Jones behaviour towards interventions has been a problem. A study conducted by Collins, Cuddy Martin (2016) discovered that drug treatment programmes in the UK are both cost-effective and beneficial for the drug users in terms of reducing their reoffending rate and their drug intake. Those who are not involved with a substance misuse program are more likely to reoffend (Needham, Gummerum, Mandeville-Norden, Rakestrow-Dickens, Mewse, Barnes, Hanoch, 2015). The program involves 2 sessions each week for 26 sessions overall it will help with social skills, how to avoid those involved in drug/alcohol use and planning for the future (*What is OSAP?, * 2010). Mr Jones should be supervised and attend regular meetings with his probation officer as well as meet up with someone from the TTG programme. If he feels an issue is arising, then he should contact his probation officer immediately so the situation can be assessed. His probation officer and the staff involved with the TTG programme should be his first points of contact when he feels concerned about his behaviour. There is evidence that suggests that attending probation can positively affect the offenders likelihood of not reoffending (King, 2013). The protection of potential victims is vital, as Mr Jones offense involved a next-door neighbour; he should receive help with finding housing preferably in a quiet neighbourhood where he would experience no problems from his neighbours. Other considerations include the safety of Mr Jones, after being in prison, on the outside there are potential dangers for the ex-offender. These included drug dealers and angered family members or friends. Every week Mr Jones should check-in with both his TTG mentor and probation officer, they should attempt to make Mr Jones open up emotionally. The help set up for Mr Jones decreases the likelihood of harm. He needs to focus primarily on his anger management, substance misuse as well as his use of violence. Based on the evidence put forward the chance of future violence is quite low if he attends the treatment programmes and meetings with his probation officer. If he stops attending, this should be viewed as a sign of re-offending. The next review date should be 9 months after release to ensure progress is being made. Word count: 3209; excluding references and appendices. References Arum, R., Beattie, I. R. (1999). High School Experience and The Risk of Adult Incarceration. Criminology, 37(3). Bujarski, S. J., McDaniel, C. E., Lewis, S. F., Leen-Feldner, E. W., Feldner, M. T. (2016). Past-month marijuana use is associated with self-reported violence among trauma-exposed adolescents. Journal of Child Adolescent Substance Abuse, 26(2), 111-118. doi:10.1080/1067828x.2016.1222980 Canter, D. (2013). Criminal psychology: Topics in applied psychology. (2nd Ed.). Routledge. Cauffman, E., Fine, A., Thomas, A. G., Monahan, K. C. (2017). Trajectories of violent behavior among females and males. Child Development, 88(1), 41-54. doi:10.1111/cdev.12678 Clamp, K. (2016). Restorative justice in transitional settings. (1st Ed.). Routledge. Collins, B. J., Cuddy, K., Martin, A. P. (2016). Assessing the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of drug intervention programs: UK case study. Journal of Addictive Diseases. doi:10.1080/10550887.2016.1182299 Daffern, M., Jones, L., Shine, J. (2010). Offence paralleling behaviour: A case formulation approach to offender assessment and intervention. (1st Ed.). John Wiley Sons. Dargis, M., Newman, J., Koenigs, M. (2015). Clarifying the link between childhood abuse history and psychopathic traits in adult criminal offenders. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment. doi:10.1037/per0000147 Day, A., Davey, L., Wanganeen, R., Howells, K., De Santolo, J., Nakata, M. (2008). The Significance of Context: Stories from South Australia. In A. Day, M. Nakata, K. Howells, Anger and indigenous men: Understanding and responding to violent behaviour. The Federation Press. Deci, E. L. (2011). Cognitive Evaluation Theory: Effects of Extrinsic Rewards on Intrinsic Motivation. In E. Aronson, Intrinsic motivation. Springer US. Douglas, K. S., Hart, S. D., Webster, C. D., Belfrage, H., Guy, L. S., Wilson, C. M. (2014). Historical-clinical-risk management-20, version 3 (HCR-20 V3 ): Development and overview. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 13(2), 93-108. doi:10.1080/14999013.2014.906519 Folger, A. T., Putnam, K. T., Putnam, F. W., Peugh, J. L., Eismann, E. A., Sa, T., à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Ammerman, R. T. (2017). Maternal interpersonal trauma and child social-emotional development: An intergenerational effect. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology. doi:10.1111/ppe.12341 Genovese, T., Dalrymple, K., Chelminski, I., Zimmerman, M. (2017). 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Childhood animal cruelty, bestiality, and the link to adult interpersonal violence. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 47, 129-135. doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2016.02.017 Howard, R. C. (2016). The Link between Early Adolescent Alcohol Abuse and Adult Antisocial Behaviour: A Hypothesis Revisited. SOJ Psychology, 3(1), 1-6. Judd, L. L., Schettler, P. J., Coryell, W., Akiskal, H. S., Fiedorowicz, J. G. (2013). Overt irritability/anger in Unipolar Major Depressive episodes. JAMA Psychiatry, 70(11), 1171. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.1957 King, S. (2013). Assisted desistance and experiences of probation supervision. Probation Journal, 60(2), 136-151. doi:10.1177/0264550513478320 Kyriacou, D. N., Anglin, D., Taliaferro, E., Stone, S., Tubb, T., Linden, J. A., à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Kraus, J. F. (1999). Risk factors for injury to women from domestic violence. New England Journal of Medicine, 341(25), 1892-1898. doi:10.1056/nejm199912163412505 Lev-Ran, S., Roerecke, M., Le Foll, B., George, T. P., McKenzie, K., Rehm, J. (2013). The association between cannabis use and depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Psychological Medicine, 44(04), 797-810. doi:10.1017/s0033291713001438 Lima Machado, P., de Sousa, R., de Oliveira Albuquerque, R., Garcà ­a Villalba, L., Kim, T.-H. (2017). Detection of electronic Anklet Wearers groupings throughout Telematics monitoring. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 6(1), 31. doi:10.3390/ijgi6010031 Macinnes, M., Macpherson, G., Austin, J., Schwannauer, M. (2016). Examining the effect of childhood trauma on psychological distress, risk of violence and engagement, in forensic mental health. Psychiatry Research, 246, 314-320. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.09.054 Marie, O., Moreton, K., Goncalves, M. (2011). The effect of early release of prisoners on home detention curfew (HDC) on recidivism. May, C., Sharma, N., Stewart, D. (2008). Factors linked to reoffending: a one-year follow-up of prisoners who took part in the Resettlement Surveys 2001, 2003 and 2004. Milkman, H. B., Wanberg, K. W. (2012). Criminal conduct and substance abuse treatment for adolescents: Pathways to self-discovery and change: the providers guide. SAGE. Ministry of Justice. (2014). Offenders get through-the-gate support for drug and alcohol problems. Needham, M., Gummerum, M., Mandeville-Norden, R., Rakestrow-Dickens, J., Mewse, A., Barnes, A., Hanoch, Y. (2015). Association between Three different cognitive behavioral alcohol treatment programs and Recidivism rates among male offenders: Findings from the United Kingdom. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 39(6), 1100-1107. doi:10.1111/acer.12738 Nietzel, M. T., Hasemann, D. M., Lynam, D. R. (1999). Behavioral perspectives on violent behavior. Handbook of Psychological Approaches with Violent Offenders. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-4845-4_3 NOMS, NHS (2015). Working with offenders with personality disorder A practitioners guide (2nd ed.) Patterson, G. R., Debaryshe, B., Ramsey, E. (1990). A Developmental Perspective on Antisocial Behaviour. American Psychologist, 44, 329-335. Plant, M., van Schaik, P., Gullone, E., Flynn, C. (2016). Its a dogs Life. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. doi:10.1177/0886260516659655 Ministry of Justice. (2014). RESOLVE what is RESOLVE? Retrieved from: http://hlnycrc.co.uk/wp/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/RESOLVE.pdf Robins, L. N. (1978). Sturdy childhood predictors of adult antisocial behaviour: Replications from longitudinal studies1. Psychological Medicine, 8(04), 611. doi:10.1017/s0033291700018821 Smith, C. A., Park, A., Ireland, T. O., Elwyn, L., Thornberry, T. P. (2012). Long-term outcomes of young adults exposed to maltreatment: The role of educational experiences in promoting resilience to crime and violence in early adulthood. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 28(1), 121-156. doi:10.1177/0886260512448845 Straus, M. A. (1991). Children as witness to marital violence: a risk factor for life long problems among a nationally representative sample of American men and women. Retrieved from: http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED336713.pdf Walsh, A. (2007). Psychosocial Theories: Individual Traits and Criminal Behaviour. In L. Ellis. Criminology: An Interdisciplinary Approach. California: SAGE. Ministry of Justice. (2010). What is CALM? Retrieved from: https://www.swmcrc.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/controlling_anger_and_learning_to_manage_it__calm__leaflet_-_june_2010.pdf Ministry of Justice. (2010). What is OSAP? Retrieved from: http://www.swmcrc.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/offender_substance_abuse_programme__osap__leaflet_-_june_2010.pdf Widom, C. S. (1989). The Cycle of Violence. Science, 244(4901), Wright, K. A., Turanovic, J. J., ONeal, E. N., Morse, S. J., Booth, E. T. (2016). The cycle of violence revisited: Childhood Victimization, resilience, and future violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. doi:10.1177/0886260516651090. Appendix A Questions H1- Violence: Do you have any form of control over your violent outbursts? H2- Anti-social behaviour: How does taking drugs make you feel? Is there a reason for taking the drugs? H3- Relationships: You say you want a family, how do you plan on reaching this goal? H4- Employment- Previously you have had problems with employment, would you accept help to find a job and remain in it? H5- Links to H2 H6- Mental disorder: anger seems to be a real problem; do you feel that your state of mood controls you? H7- Personality disorder: Could you come to terms with being diagnosed with a PD and how would you cope? H8- Trauma: The experience you had with your father must impact on your life, do you think this is the case and how do you think you would overcome this? H9- Violent attitudes: The attitude you had towards violence is that you condone the use of it, would there be a time when you would not be violent? H10- Treatment: There seems to be a problem with treatment even though you attend, why might that be? OC-H- Education: Could your education explain why you behave as you do and why you use drugs, if not what do you think the cause is? C1- Insight: How do you think others would view you in terms of your risk? C2- Ideation: is violence thought about or do you lose control? Would you intentionally harm someone? C4- Instability: Does your mood cause a serious problem? C5- Treatment: Although you attend your responsiveness is lacking is this because you are not in control? OC-C- Grudges: Is holding grudges an issue? Is this why you lash out? R2 3- Living/support: When released from prison will your living situation be sorted or do you need help? How is your personal support in terms of family and friends? R5- Coping: At times everyone feels stress, however, coping seems to be a struggle, is violence your idea of coping?

The Underlying Message of The Tyger by William Blake Essay -- The Tyge

The Underlying Message of The Tyger by William Blake Blake’s legendary poem â€Å"The Tyger† is deceivingly straightforward. Though Blake uses â€Å"vividly simple language† (Hirsch, 244), the poem requires a deeper understanding from the reader. There are many misconceptions concerning the symbols in â€Å"The Tyger† (specifically the tiger itself). This often leads to confusion concerning the underlying message of the poem. Compared to Blake’s â€Å"meek† and â€Å"mild† lamb, the tiger is hard to accept. It is a symbol for that which people fear. For some, their fears are not reality, and are much easier to ignore than accept. But no matter how hard to accept, the lamb and tiger are equally important, and together create a balance that is ideally healthy for the world. The Tyger can be interpreted through many different theologies, as a form of the sublime, and as an essential part of human life. Because Blake is ambiguous about the tiger’s nature it is hard to understand. Blake uses paradox to his advantage in the first stanza, which creates an ambiguous effect: The expressions â€Å"forests of the night† and â€Å"fearful† have a menacing quality that is negative in nature. On the other hand â€Å"bright† and â€Å"symmetry† (a sign of perfection) have positive overtones, and are more commonly associated with goodness. Blake has given many clues; and the effect is such that the reader is led to believe that the tiger has both good and evil qualities. The one underlying question that Blake asks of the reader: what God could â€Å"dare† (l.24) to create such a creature? According to the Christian doctrine, there is one God who is the maker of everything. Though there is much argument over how much He partakes in the creation of evil. Nonetheless, this passage is found in the Bible: â€Å"I form the light, and create darkness: I make peace, and create evil: I the Lord do all these things.† (Isaiah 45:7). The tiger could very well be the expression of this God. There are many other beliefs in the world besides Christianity within which the tiger can be proven to reside. Monotheism, for example, is the â€Å"belief in a single, universal, all-encompassing deity†(Wikipedia). This deity could also be the â€Å"immortal hand† that formed the Tyger. Manicheanism, one of the major ancient religions, uses the theology of dualism as its main principle. The Dualism doctrine can be said to â€Å"consist of two basic opposing... ...he tiger and the lamb.† (250) Ultimatley, the reader must make the decision whether the tyger is a positive or negative part of life. Works Cited 1. E.D. Hirsch, JR. Innocence and Experience: And Introduction to Blake USA: Yale University, 1964. 2. The Holy Bible containing The Old and New Testaments, King James Version Toronto: Canadian Bible Society. 3. â€Å"Dualism†, â€Å"Monotheism†, â€Å"Christianity†, Manicheanism†, â€Å"Taoism† Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page. 4. Roy P. Basler. â€Å"The Tyger: A Psychological Interpretation† Sex, Symbolism, and Psychology in Literature. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1948. 20-24. 5. Morton D. Paley, â€Å"Tyger of Wrath†. Twentieth Century Interpretations of Songs of Innocence and of Experience. Ed. Morton D. Paley. USA: Prentice-Hall, Inc. 68-92 6. â€Å"Manicheanism† Encyclopedia of the Orient http://i-cias.com/e.o/manichae.htm 7. William Blake. â€Å"The Tyger†, Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing. E.V. Roberts and H. E. Jacobs 7th Ed. USA: Pearson Prentice Hall 2004. 8. William Shakespeare, â€Å"Henry V† Shakespeare-literature.com http://www.shakespeare-literature.com/Henry_V/10.html

French And English Revolution :: essays research papers

Thousands of revolutions have taken place throughout the course of the history of the world. These revolutions have changed the politics, history, and all other facets of civilization of certain groups. Most revolutions follow a basic set formula of events: a leader is overthrown, radical and extremist groups take control for a period of time, and then the government is eventually restored to it’s original state. Both the English and French Revolutions followed this basic formula with various differences along the way. The English Revolution which took place in the seventeenth century, and the French Revolution, which took place in the late eighteenth century to early nineteenth century, both share many similarities and differences with one another.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One similarity of both revolutions was the causes: financial problems. Both King Charles I and Louis XVI were experiencing debt because of financial problems left behind from previous monarchs. Both kings placed the extreme tax burdens on the already poor peasants which further angered and oppressed them. Both kings had to summon on Parliament and the Estates General to raise revenue. Both monarchs attempted to use force to maintain their power but eventually lost to the liberal people who wanted a reformed government. The extremist period of both the English and French Revolutions consisted of a semi-dictator; Cromwell in England and Robespierre in France, who set up a totalitarian military state. Lastly, both the English and French had to carry out two attempts at establishing a constitutional monarchy in order to finally have a stable, lasting government.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In both the English and French Revolutions the monarch was the establishment being revolted against. In the English revolution it was more of the Parliament rebelling against the monarchy whereas in the French Revolution the peasants were the strongest and most motivated factors for change. In both revolutions the legislative body issued some form of a declaration for basic human rights. In England, however, their Bill of Rights was issued at the end of the revolution, while France’s Declaration of the Rights of Man was issued at the beginning of the revolution. Religion was in issue at different times in both the English and French Revolutions. The English Revolution did not incorporate any large territorial expansion and there was barely any outside interference during the Revolutionary period.

The Columbian Exchange: Between the Old World and New World Essay

The Columbian Exchange is a global exchange of goods and ideas between the Old World (Europe, Asia and Africa) and the New World (America). When Columbus first discovered America, Spain wanted to set up colonies. Columbus found some people that he named â€Å"Indians.† They colonies started to trade with each other, and by doing do, they started the Columbian Exchange. Many countries were involved in this trade, including China, Africa and Italy. This exchange of new ideas, traditions, food, religion and diet changed cultures everywhere. The Native Americans gave and received many items. One of the most important items that the Indians received was horses. Before horses, Indians had no way of carrying heavy loads from place to place. When the Europeans arrived in America, they gave them th...

Development of a Multinational Personnel Selection System Essay

1. Based on your reading of the textbook chapter what strengths and what shortcomings do you see in the newly developed multinational personnel selection system? The newly developed multinational personnel selection system seems to be okay at first glance. It is great that the system is two-tiered, with the first tier consisting of three modules: viewing the applicants’ resume, an unstructured phone interview with the applicants, and three references from former employees. These three modules from the first tier are mostly related to background research of the applicant. Through the application documentations of the candidates, it is possible to screen out candidates with obvious mismatches related to the job and also screen through some important aspects like past experience and related skills. Next, by doing a phone interview, interviewers would be able to figure out some basic characteristics and impressions about the applicant. The last procedure of the first tier, references, will be very important because it would be to best source of information about the applicant. As stated in the textbook, references can provide â€Å"(1) education and employment history, (2) character and interpersonal competence, (3) ability to perform the job, and (4) the willingness of the past or current employer to rehire the applicant.† The second of the selection process consists of a panel interview, a biography oriented in-depth interview, a simulated group exercise, and a test. These modules will allow the interviewees to figure out competencies of the applicants and the validity of those skills and also some in-depth information. The in-depth biography oriented interview will most likely provide valid data about the candidates. The testing procedures will the test the candidate for â€Å"general intelligence† and the â€Å"big five.† Overall, the new procedure seems like it is able to take in to account most of the information that is mentioned in the textbook. However, there still are some blind spots to be used on a global level. To start with, the reference procedure may cause some unexpected problems. The staff members assumed that getting references from former employers and colleges would let them screen out cheaters and imposters. This may be true in western culture, however, considering Asian culture this may not be the case. As generally accepted, Asians tend to try to be in harmony with others and care a lot about what others will think about them. If this is true, there is possibility that the former employees will leave out negative remarks in the recommendation due to these reasons, especially if the applicants are able to see the references. Next, although the biography-oriented in-depth interview will provide much important data about the applicant, the interview should be oriented towards job requirements. If it is too general, the information will become more of a general explanation or impression of the applicant and may not be able to provide valid data. This way it will also be possible to reduce the chance of faking. Third of all, the simulated group interview seems to be insufficient. It is stated in the article that the candidate will have a group discussion with three other role-players. Although this may let the observers evaluate certain aspects, I believe that having role-players may diminish the applicant’s potential. Let’s say that the interviewee is good at brainstorming or developing new ideas. He/she may not be able to fully show his/her potential due to the fact that the other members in the group are just playing their role; they will not be convinced by the new ideas or provide improvements to raw ideas. This may not let the observers know the full potential of the interviewee’s abilities. Therefore I think that a leaderless group interview would be better in order to evaluate the candidate. Last, and most importantly, there is no mention about how the procedures will be adapted and implemented in different countries. Considering that this was a new procedure for a multinational personnel selection system, it seems like the staff has left out the most important part. Without any adaptation among different cultures, the new procedure would not be that different compared to any other local hiring procedure. To conclude, the new multinational personnel selection system seems to cover most of the important aspects that are mentioned in the textbook and the procedures seem mostly valid. However, unless there is a adaptation system that may work globally, the new system does not seem so ‘new’ compared to other hiring procedures. 2. If you were asked to consult with the project team, what would you recommend to them? The most important recommendation would be that the members should consider some cultural differences while in discussion. Throughout the meeting the staff members show typical characteristics of Asians and westerns. The Chinese employees have a hard time standing up to others and feel embarrassed when opposed. On the other hand the members from overseas, especially Mueller, show typical western character. They are strong in their opinion and openly disprove of others opinions if they think it is wrong. Even the leader of the team, Koch, seems to be part of this situation. In fact, he is irritated by the Chinese employees behavior and does not understand how serious it is. Under these kinds of circumstances it seems impossible to have a productive meeting. What the team should do first is try to understand and consider each other’s culture. This would be the first step to properly come up with system for multinational hiring. How would they make be able to make a system that considers different cultures if they don’t even understand their own team members? The next recommendation would be that the members should listen and respect what the others are saying. While reading through the article, it seemed like most of the members were just trying to appeal that their ideas are the best. Everyone opposed each other’s idea and backed their own suggestions. It was an endless stream of interruption. Unless they learn to listen and respect others’ opinions, the meeting would never be productive. Another recommendation would be to Koch. I would like to tell him to be in control of the situation. It is the leader’s role in a meeting the control the members. If Koch had been more involved in the meeting and was able to control the situation, the meeting would not have lasted that long. It would also have been more productive as there would not have been lengthy arguments. I believe that the leader’s role is very crucial in this kind of situation. He/she should be in charge of the meeting and not let it stray from its topic. The previous recommendations were related to the meeting. Now I would like to make recommendations about the new system. Although a new system that may be used globally sounds very tempting, it sounds almost impossible to make. The cultures of different countries are very diverse and some are extremely different from others. I would recommend making 2~3 systems for Asian and Western regions with similar cultures. This would be more efficient rather then trying to make one system that can be applied to everyone.

Education Sector Essay

The typical Indian inculcateroom was once characterized by students sitting through with(predicate) hour-long instructor monologues. Now, engine room is making t single easier for twain students and educators. Schools ar oermuch(prenominal) and more than training digital teach solutions to engage with a coevals of pupils well-versed with the manages of PlayStations and iPads, and trying to remove the classroom purlieu more than inclusive and participatory. Take woundclass from Educomp Solutions, one of the first Indian companies in this space.Smartclass is fundament wholey a digital mental ability depository library of curriculum-mapped, multimedia-rich, 3D capacitance. It in any case enables teachers to quickly esteem how much of a contingent lesson students break been able to assimilate during the class. Once a topic is coered, the teacher gives the class a set of questions on a life- size of it screen. Each student then answers via a personal answe ring invention or the smart assessment system. The teacher calculates the pull a luff right away and ground on that, she repeats parts of the lesson that the students dont look to be possessed of grasped. apply science come acrosss the teaching- development dish precise easy and cheering, says Harish Arora, a chemistry teacher at the Bal Bharti Public School in New Delhi who has been victimization Smartclass since 2004. For instance, earlier it would easily hold in me one full lecture to reasonable draw an electromagnetic cellular phone on the blackboard. Though I could explain the cell structure, there was no way I could drive managed to show them how it really functions. This is where engineering science comes to our aid direct I feces show the students a 3D impersonate of the cell and how it functions.Instead of wasting cute time drawing the plat on the blackboard, I mickle invest it in building the conceptual clarity of my students. consort to Abhinav Dha r, managing handler for K-12 at Educomp Solutions, more than 12,000 checks across 560 districts in India set about haveed Smartclass. much importantly, the number is growing at close 20 schools a day. On average, in each of these schools eight classrooms atomic number 18 using Smartclass. When we launched Smartclass in 2004 as the first-ever digital classroom program, it was an uphill t communicate convincing schools to adopt it, Dhar notes. These schools had not witnessed any change in a century.It is a entirely different scenario now. Private schools across India immediately chance upon technology as an imperative. A digital classroom is set to become the b atomic number 18-minimum teaching accessory in schools, skilful like a blackboard is today. Dhar recalls that one major(ip) roadblock for Educomps proposition in the primordial days was on the expenditure front. At US$4,000 (at the exchange sum up of Rs. 50 to a U. S. dollar) per classroom, schools affect up the harvest-feast very expensive. To get everyplace this hurdle, Educomp quickly decided to make the initial investment funds and gave the schools an option to pay everyplace a period of three to vanadium course of instructions.The break straining worked. Enthused by the grocery reaction, in January Educomp launched an upgraded displacement the Smartclass Class Transformation System with more features, including simulations, mind maps, worksheets, web links, a diagram maker, graphic organizers and assessment tools. Huge electromotive forces According to the Indian gentility firmament Outlook Insights on Schooling Segment, a report released by New Delhi coarsed research and consultancy firm Technopak Advisors in May, the tally number of schools in India stands at 1. 3 million. Of these, secluded schools account for 20%.Educomps Dhar proves out that save around 10% of the private schools have tapped the authorization of multimedia classroom teaching whereas in regimen schools, it has b atomic number 18ly made any inroads. The on tone ending market size for digitized school products in private schools is around US$ viosterol million, says Enayet Kabir, associate director for bringing up at Technopak. This is expected to grow at a CAGR compound annual growth rate of 20% to pass water the over US$2 one k million mark by 2020. However, the market potential then might get as deep(p) as US$4 billion i. e.if the total population of private schools that could adopt multimedia actually adopt it. Apart from this, the current market size for ICT information and communications technology in judicature activity schools is US$750 million. We expect this to grow five propagation by 2020 due to the current low-pitched become of penetration in regimen schools. Kabir lists Educomp Solutions, Everonn cultivation, NIIT, Core acquire & Technologies, IL&FS and Compucom as dominant players in this domain. New entrants overwhelm HCL Infosy stems, Learn Next, Tata Interactive Systems, Mexus Education, S.Chand Harcourt (India) and iDiscoveri Education.Except for S. Chand Harcourt, which is a joint venture between S. Chand and US-based Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, all the opposites argon Indian firms. A upstart trend is that schools in tier cardinal and tier three cities be change magnitudely adopting the latest technology. Rajesh Shethia, head of sales and trade at Tata Interactive Systems, which launched Tata ClassEdge in early 2011 and has partnered up with more than 900 schools, says that more than fractional of the demand for digital classrooms is from tier both and tier three cities. According to Shethia, schools in these smaller cities realize that it is difficult for their students to get as much exposure as students from tier one cities. So they proactively subscribe to solutions much(prenominal)(prenominal) as ours, which richly hit both teachers and students by simplifying the syllabus. Even pargonnts hope the best for their wards and are not antipathetic to paying a little extra. They see value in these initiatives by schools to rise the way teaching is imparted today. Making near back-of-the-envelope calculations Shethia adds If we consider the top 100,000 private schools in India as the captive market, the potential is round deuce million classrooms of which currently on the dot most 80,000 have been digitized. Srikanth B. Iyer, COO of Pearson Education Services, also sees tremendous potential in the smaller cities. Pearson provides end-to-end teaching method solutions in the K-12 segment. Its multimedia tool, DigitALly, has been adopted in more than 3,000 private schools across India since 2004.DigitALly installations have been growing at three times the market for the past two years, Iyer says. Currently, more than 60% of our customers are from tier two and tier three t witnesss, such(prenominal) as Barpeta (in the state of Assam), Sohagpur (in Madhya Pradesh) and B alia (in Uttar Pradesh). In order to make its offering attractive to the schools, Pearson has devised a monthly payment model on a lower floor which a school pays around US$2 per student per month. As the price point is affordable, schools across all locations and fee structures control it viable to opt for our solution, Iyer notes.We focus on tier two and tier three towns and cities where penetration is relatively low and commit for adoption of technology is high. HCLs Digischool program, which launched about 18 months ago, has also made a strong beginning, with a client base of more than 2,500 schools. Partnering with State Governments Meanwhile, state governments are also giving a foster to the adoption of technology in schools. Edureach, a divison of Educomp, has partnered with 16 state governments and more than 30 study departments and boards in the country, covering over 36,000 government schools and reaching out to more than 10.60 million students. Edureach leads the market with 27% of the total schools where ICT projects have been implemented, says Soumya Kanti, president of Edureach. We are looking to add 3,000 more schools this fiscal year and 20,000 to 25,000 additional schools in the next five years. As of now, Edureach has created digital learning content in more than 14 regional languages for these projects. In the northern state of Haryana, spirit Education and Technologies is implementing a US$59 million ICT project that aims to benefit 5 million students across 2,622 schools.Five of these schools go out be developed as Smart schools. CORE is also implementing ICT projects in the states of Gujarat, Meghalaya, Punjab, Maharashtra and Nagaland. The image of work in these projects ranges from implementation of computer-aided learning in schools, installing bio-metric devices to monitor attention of teachers, and setting up computer hardware, bundle and new(prenominal) allied accessories and equipments. The task has not been an easy one, admits Anshul Sonak, president of CORE. on that point are several logistical issues.Delivery of equipment to agrestic areas is a big challenge in itself. There is lack of grassroots base either there are no classrooms or there are ones with no windows. Some schools dont up to now out have toilets. Moreover, the power availability in these areas is often distressing and we have had to deploy generator sets in numerous schools. however despite the challenges, reproductionists are optimistic. Rahul De, professor of three-figure methods and information systems area at the Indian set up of Management in Bangalore (IIM-B) believes that ICT foot have a spacious disturb on our nurture system. He points out that ICT burn down result in increase the reach of program line and in keeping the be low. With increasing penetration of mobile phones and mesh kiosks, the potential is indeed immense, he adds. A content conducted by De in 2009 on the economic affect of just ify and well-defined source software (FOSS) in India found that it resulted in remarkable cost savings. FOSS bum play a huge mapping in gentility, De notes. In the state of Kerala, it has already had a huge impact in both saving costs and providing state-of-the-art access computing to students in government schools.FOSS has a huge number of packages for school students, many of which can be ported to local anesthetic languages and used in schools. It is also dowery disabled students in a big way, by enabling them to access digital p summons using audio-visual aids. Edureachs Kanti adds that a study by the Centre for Multi-Disciplinary Development look in Dharwad in Karnataka in 2006 revealed significant improvement in student instrument and attendance, as well as a reduction of student dropouts due to ICT interventions. nevertheless other study conducted by the Xavier Institute of Management in Bhubaneswar in 2007 revealed that computer-aided education has improved the p erformance of children in subjects such as English, mathematics and science, which are taught through computers using multimedia-based educational content. All in a Tab In distribution channel with this increasing interest in technology for school education, there has been a stir of education-focused launching pad computers in the market. The most high-profile of these has been Aakash, which was launched by Kapil Sibal, sum of money minister for human resource development, in October 2011.The Aakash project is part of the ministrys National Mission on Education through Information & Communication engineering science (NME-ICT). It aims to eliminate digital illiteracy by distributing the Aakash tablets to students across India at subsidized rates. plot of ground the project itself has become mired in delays and controversy, it has generated a lot of awareness and interest among students around the educational tablet. Meanwhile, DataWind, the Canada-based firm that partnered wit h the union government for the Aakash project, has also launched UbiSlate7, the commercial displacement of Aakash.The opportunity for low-cost tablets in India is huge. In the next two years, it result blow over the size of the computer market in India i. e. 10 million units per year, says Suneet Singh Tuli, president and old geezer operating officer of DataWind. In April, technology firm HCL Infosystems launched the MyEdu Tab, which is priced at around US$230 for the K-12 version. The device comes preloaded with educational application programs and also books from the National Council of Educational search and Training, a government organization.Anand Ekambaram, senior vice-president and head of learning at HCL Infosystems, is in the process of partnering with more than 30 educational institutes across India for MyEdu Tab. MyEdu Tab has content offline and can be accessed over the cloud. It allows students to learn at their own pace, Ekambaram notes. With a topic revision app lication and a self-assessment engine, students can evaluate their skills and friendship on their own. Teachers can upload content, which can be accessed by students and parents for tasks such as homework and impart reports on their single devices.The parent can monitor the progress of his or her child through the cloud-based ecosystem. primarily this year, Micromax, a leading Indian handset manufacturer, also launched an edutainment device called Funbook. Micromax has also partnered with Pearson and Everonn to make operational relevant content for students. Susha John, director and CEO at Everonn, was upbeat at the launch. Digital learning facilitated through tablets allow for revolutionize the educational space, John said. Everonn has invested in developing content and function targeted toward tablet audiences.To start with, we will offer our school curriculum-learning modules and at home live breeding products on the Funbook. Students can now have access to good teacher s, educational content and a great learning come across anytime, anywhere. At Pearson, Max Gabriel, senior vice-president and chief technology officer, is focusing on K-12 content in English to begin with. We are sitting on a huge repository of existing content. Adding the right level of interactivity and richer experience will be our priority. Meanwhile, Educomp is railroad train up to launch content that is device agnostic and can be pop off on any tablet. only if even as schools in India are going through this transformation powered by technology, one key question is how big a role technology will play in the education empyrean. In an earlier interview with India KnowledgeWharton, S. Sadagopan, founder-director at the International Institute of Information Technology in Bangalore, pointed out that there are four parts to learning lectures, library, science laboratory and life noting that, Technology plays a overcritical role in all these. Kabir of Technopak adds another perspective. Despite numerous studies on the impact of ICT in education, the outcomes remain difficult to sum of money and open to much debate. It deals to be understood that technology is only an enabler and a force multiplier and cannot be inured as a panacea. We believe that fulgurant gains in teaching-learning outcomes are possible only through an compound approach or else than a piecemeal intervention. Don Huesman, managing director of Whartons innovation group, recommends caution in considering potential investments in educational technologies.These are very exciting times for online and surpass education technologies, but there are risk of exposures facing parents, educators and policy makers in evaluating the opportunities these clean technologies, and their proponents, represent. Huesman points to the youthful growth in high-quality, free, online educational courseware offered on websites like the Khan academy and the Math Forum, as well as the work of the Ope n Learning opening move in developing intelligent cognitive tutors and learning analytics.But such technologies, available from a globular network of resources, only provide value when understood, chosen and integrated into a local educational participation, he says. As an illustration, Huesman offers the example of cyber kiosks, provided in recent years by foundations at no cost to rural communities in India, maddening the gender divide in many traditional communities in which young women faithful at mankind cyber cafes, also frequented by young men, would be considered taboo. Interventions by governments and NGOs essential be inclusive of local community concerns and aware of local semipolitical complications, Huesman notes.globalization Impact on Education by Satish Tandon, September 2005 The principal objective of education has been the development of the whole unmarried. The minimum level of education that was necessary to achieve this name and address in the agrarian baseball club was grassroots or special and in the industrial age, secondary. In the present borderless information society, education needs to be able to do to additional demands of a rapidly globalizing land by raising awareness of environment, peace, ethnic and social diversity, increased competitiveness, and the concept of a global village.Such education is to a knowledge or information society what secondary education was to an industrial rescue. Education prepares the individual to connect and live in harmony with the environment around him. globalization has changed the size, nature and quality of that environment. The challenge for high(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) education, therefore, is to reform, create and develop systems that prepare the individual to work in a borderless economy and live in a global society. In other words, our educational institutions need to produce global citizens.The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 allowed liberal democracie s to demand victory for the capitalist system and contributed to increasing the pace of globalization that was already under way. As globalization gained momentum, market substituted political ideology as the dominant force guiding national and global policies. What followed next, therefore, does not seem so illogical. National governments all over partly in deference to the ascendancy of the market and partly in response to pressure from the private sphere of influence to have a fit their country of activities began to relinquish control over the delivery of social goods.Everything began to be viewed as a commodity that could be produced and delivered by the private heavens in line with market forces and according to the principles of supply and demand. 1 by one water, electricity, postal services, health, and now education, have been turned into a commodity. The disengagement of state from higher education has also been helped by economists, who have had an overly un complicated way of assessing the come back on investments in higher education. The basic occupation is that they have measured the return on education exclusively through wage differentials.With reference to person who has no education, someone who has been to primary school, someone who has completed secondary school, and someone with a university degree, one can ask how much more each earns than the previous. These differences are then compared to the incremental amounts invested in their education to find the return. The results generally suggest that higher education yields a lower return than primary or secondary education and they have been used to justify the skewing of government budgets and development funds away from higher education institutions.The rate of return calculations are flawed because they do not take account of the full range of benefits to those who know higher education. For example, higher education can enhance health, openness, peace, and social develo pment, and at the same(p) time reduce disease, bigotry and unsighted nationalism so the private benefits to the individual and to society are not just the direct labour productivity benefits, as the rate of return analysis suggests. higher(prenominal) education confers benefits above and beyond enhancing the incomes of those who pay off it.And many of these benefits take the form of humankind goods, such as the contribution of higher education to enterprise, leadership, governance, culture, and participatory democracy, and its potential for lifting the deprived out of poverty. These are all critical building blocks for stronger economies and societies and all routes by which the benefit of investment in higher education multiplies throughout society. Liberal democracies have traditionally operated on the principle of separation of activities in the social sphere just as they have on the principle of separation of powers in the political sphere.The private sector had been given a relatively free hand in the production and delivery of economic goods while the state strong on the provision of healthcare, education and other infrastructure goods, also known as globe goods. Globalization has changed all that. The rapid expansion of the influence of the private sector at the global level necessitated a corresponding expansion in their sphere of activities by diversifying into the production and delivery of open goods that had always been within the purview of the state.The putsch was swift and remarkable in the mavin that the effort did not meet much resistance. One of the major consequences of the globalization of education has been commodification and the corporatization of institutions of higher learning. It is said that the for-profit education market in the United States is worth more than $500 billion in tax for the involved corporates. More than one thousand state schools have been handed over to corporations to be run as businesses.But there is a fundamental problem with the way business models have been applied to the delivery of education and other public goods. Unthinking adoption of the private sector model prevents the development of a meaningful approach to management in the public services in general or to the social services in particular based on their distinctive purposes, conditions and objectives. There is another, more serious, problem with corporatization of education. Corporations operate on the principles of cost reduction and profit maximization.These subscribe to introducing standardization and the packaging of product in compact, measurable, byte-like, configuration. Applied to education, these approaches would possibly negate its basic fabric and purpose. Education has always advance and represents openness, inquiry, diversity, research and limitless learning. Corporatization of education would make it elitist the one provided by corporations for the masses and the poor who cannot afford going to the t raditional institutions of learning, and the other for the rich and the affluent.The delivery of public goods and services is and should remain the primary responsibility of the state. interpretive program government may not be the ideal or perfect array for governance but it represents the best that is available, and sure more desirable than the private sector management of public services such as education. If the state relinquishes its control over education and education policy, we run the risk of diminishing it to the status of a incase for-profit product which it is not. Openness, diversity, scholarship, research and disinterested learning will be its biggest victims.